Biochemical Composition and Anti-anemic Potential of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) Berries in Albino Wistar Rats

Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) is a food plant commonly used in some regions of Côte d’Ivoire to treat anaemia. This study was therefore conducted to highlight some biochemical constituents and the anti-anaemic potential of cooked berries of this plant in Wistar rats. To this end, the berries were cooked for 30 minutes and then the constituents were evaluated using standard biochemical methods. For the study of the anti-anaemic potential, four (4) groups of eight (8) rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing on average 105 g were used. The rats were made anaemic by phenylhydrazine and then received 1ml/100g/d of distilled water (negative control), the aqueous extract of the berries at concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml. The positive control batch of rats received Vitafer (reference drug for the treatment of anaemia). The anaemia was assessed by means of a haemogram performed on blood samples taken on days 0, 3, 7 and 15. The analysis showed that the berries had a moisture content of 12.085%. The dry matter content was 87.915% with an ash content of 16.310%. Vitamin C was estimated at 14.810 mg/100g. The mineral values were 4.175 mg/100g for iron, 1.915 mg/100g for zinc, 1.245 mg/100g for magnesium and 134.780 mg/100g for potassium. For the evaluation of the anti-anemic properties, the results showed that the administration of the aqueous extract of S. torvum berries at the concentrations of 3.2 and 6.4 mg/ml would promote recovery rates of red blood cell count, haemoglobin and haematocrit similar to those of the reference anti-anaemic product "Vitafer".

TIME LIMITS FOR VETERINARY WORK IN FISH FARMING

Building a modern system of veterinary services for fish farms is impossible without evaluat-ing the personnel, rationing the work of veterinary specialists, and scientifically-based planning of their staffing levels. We have developed 45 time standards for veterinary work carried out in the conditions of fish farms, including determining the average weight of undergrown juveniles in the control batch, catching yearlings and two-year-olds from a half-lowered pond with manual loading on transport, conducting diagnostic autopsy of fish, applying bleach in the form of a solution to the pond from the shore, sanitary and preventive treatment with ammonia solution of yearlings and yearlings in antiparasitic baths, etc. They are recommended for use in the calculation of scientifical-ly-based prices when servicing fish farming enterprises by third-party public or private veterinary institutions, as well as when planning the number of veterinary staff on the farms themselves.

INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING SITES ON THE ANTIHYPERTENSIF EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF LIPPIA MULTIFLORA MOLDENKE (VERBENACEAE) IN BENIN

A comparative study of the major compounds was carried out despite the great diversity of the constituents characteristic of the essential oil of Lippia multiflora. It was interested to note the imprint that makes each locality with the chemical characters of the gasoline. The variation in the chemical composition of essential oils, was depended on many factors such as the method used, the parts of the plant used, the products and reagents used in the extraction, the environment, the genotype of the plant, the geographic origin, harvest period of the plant, degree of drying, drying conditions, temperature and drying time and the presence of pests, viruses and weeds. The effects of essential oils of Lippia multiflora were evaluated in Wistar rats on arterial pressure (BP) and on heart rate (HR). Administration of L-NAME was caused a signicant increase in SBP in rats from 142.4 mmHg (D0) to 172.4 mmHg (D8) and from 122.8 mmHg (D0) to 138.6 mmHg (D8) respectively for the positive control batch and the batch subsequently treated with essential oil. Administration of the essential oil from D8 to D29 was caused a signicant decrease in the SBPof the rats from 140 mmHg (D8) to 122.4 mmHg (D29). This decrease was markedly lower than that of the untreated rats which is 150.5 mmHg (D29). The administration of L-NAME was caused a signicant increase in the DBPof the rats going from 93.8 mmHg (D0) to 137.5 mmHg (D8) and from 92.5 mmHg (D0) to 136.75 mmHg (D8) respectively for the positive control batch and the batch subsequently treated with essential oil.. The administration of the essential oil from D8 to D29 was caused a signicant decrease in the DBP of the rats going from 136.75 mmHg (D8) to 99.8 mmHg (D29) and nally the administration of L-NAME caused a signicant increase in the MAP of the rats going from 109.25 mmHg (D0) to 159.75 mmHg (D8) and from 99.8 mmHg (D0) to 151.25 mmHg (D8) respectively for the positive control group and the batch then treated with the raw extract). Administration of the essential oil from D8 to D29 was caused a signicant decrease in the AMP of the rats, dropping from 151.25 mmHg (D8) to 114 mmHg (D29) (p <0.05). These effects could be justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine in the treatment of high blood pressure.

Control of the use of Sogobalo in the production of growth feeds for broiler chickens in Cote D'ivoire

In poultry farming, the management of feed inputs is decisive in production. This study is to optimize the feed use of sogobalo in breeding broilers to improve growth performance. To do this, five feeds different by their proportion of sogobalo were formulated and used to feed five batches of broilers in the growth phase. Each of the five batches received a specific feed. The five feeds under study consist of a growth staple supplemented respectively with 0%; 2.5%; 5%; 7.5% and 10% of sogobalo. In order to assess the effect of the supplementation rate of sogobalo, body weight, feed intake, weight gain, and consumption index and mortality rate were determined. The results showed that the animals which received the incorporation of sogobalo at 10% were the heaviest (3282 g ± 17.00). The consumption index was lower in the batch of chicken whose sogobalo supplementation was 10% (3.17 ± 1.00) compared to the other batches (3.36 ± 1.00; 3.54 ± 1, 00; 3.76 ± 1.00 and 3.95 ± 1.00 respectively for animals of the batches of 7.5%; 5%; 2.5% and 0%). The weight gain was significantly (P˂0.05) higher for the 10% supplemented group (529 g ± 10.00). No mortality was observed in the supplemented batch. On the other hand, in the control batch, a higher mortality rate (4%) was recorded. The supplementation with 10% of sogobalo optimizes the growth performance and the health of broilers.

Effect of Sprouted Trigonella foenum graecum L. Incorporation into the Diet on Milk Production of Rabbit Does and Growth of Young Rabbits in the Northeast of Algeria

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of sprouted fenugreek incorporation into the diet of rabbits on their dairy and growth performances. Data from 24 lactations performed by 8 Californian rabbit does were studied. They were divided into 2 homogeneous groups, a control (batch C) having received an ordinary ration and an experimental (batch E) having received the same ration supplemented with sprouted fenugreek. Growth rates of suckling pups were also recorded. Then, Growth performance of 152 young rabbits’ issue from these females was monitored. They were divided into 4 homogeneous groups, one control having received an ordinary diet (batch C) and 3 experimental having received the same diet with substitution of 12%, 15% and 25% (batch E1, E3 and E3) of the concentrate by sprouted fenugreek. The results showed an improvement in the dairy performance of the rabbit does of batch E, with an average peak lactation of 287 g/d vs 236 g/d in batch C (p <0.01). The daily weight gain of suckling pups was better in batch E (13 g/d vs 11.7 g/d; p <0.01). Likewise, the weaned young rabbits of the experimental batches recorded higher growth rates than the control batch (p <0.01). Sprouted fenugreek incorporation into the rabbit’s ration allowed to improve their performances.

Fat Replacement by Vegetal Fibres to Improve the Quality of Sausages Elaborated with Non-Castrated Male Pork

Based on the need to find alternatives for the use of meat from non-castrated male pigs that contains high levels of androstenone and skatole, the production of meat products (raw and Frankfurt sausages) with reduced fat content was proposed, as these compounds are lipophilic. For this purpose, three batches of each product (total six) were produced. These included a control batch (1); normal fat content and two fat-reduced batches, where (2) fat was replaced with inulin and β-glucan, or (3) fat was replaced with inulin and β-glucan in addition to a skin grape by-product. These groups used meat from non-castrated male pigs that contained 6.25 µg/g androstenone and 0.4451 µg/g skatole. In general, fat-reduced sausages exhibited less brightness than did the controls. The texture results in Frankfurt were similar to those of the control, while Spanish sausage supplemented with grape skin exhibited reduced hardness. Both strategies resulted in a reduction in boar taint, and this reduction was up to 87.3% in raw sausages with grape by-products. Fat reduction could provide an interesting strategy to allow for the use of tainted meat from non-castrated male pigs.

Essais de la substitution partielle du maïs dans l’alimentation par la drêche artisanale séchée sur les performances zootechniques des poulets de chair

L’étude a été menée dans le but d’évaluer les effets du taux d’incorporation de la drêche artisanale séchée sur les performances zootechniques des poulets de chair. A cet effet, 192 poussins de souche Cobb 500 non sexés ont été répartis à partir de la phase de croissance en 4 lots en fonction du taux de substitution du maïs par la drêche artisanale séchée (0%, 15%, 30% et 45%) pendant 42 jours. Un lot témoin (LT) nourris à base d’une ration contenant le maïs comme principale source d’énergie a été comparée à trois lots expérimentaux (LE) nourris aux rations LE 15, LE 30 et LE 45 dans lesquelles 15, 30 et 45% de maïs ont remplacés par de la drêche artisanale séchée. Du point de vue pondéral, il n’y a pas eu de différence significative (p > 0,05) entre les quatre autres lots. A la 6ème semaine, le poids vif moyen des animaux du LE 45 (1416,61±101,22 g) était significativement (p < 0,05) plus élevé que ceux des autres lots (1294±102,06 g ; 1232,75±190,69 g ; 1367,57±210,74 g). La consommation alimentaire était significativement (p < 0,05) élevée chez les poulets des lots LE 30 (124,94±7,3 g) et LE 45 (143,35±9,75 g) par rapport à ceux des lots LT (109,82±1,46 g) et LE 15 (109,66±7,44 g). Le poids carcasse était significativement (p < 0,05) plus élevé chez les poulets du lot LE 45 (1065,54 g). Le rendement carcasse ne présentait pas de différence significative (p > 0,05) entre les quatre autres lots. Les poids du coeur et du foie étaient significativement (p < 0,05) inférieurs dans les lots LT, LE 15 et LE 30 par rapport au lot LE 45. Le prix du kg des aliments a baissé au fur et à mesure que le taux de substitution augmentait. La différence de prix était de 36,7 FCFA entre les lots LT et LE 45. Cependant, le lot LE 30 présentait le meilleur coût de production. En considérant les avantages économiques que présente la drêche artisanale séchée, il apparait en perspective nécessaire de remplacer l’aliment de base qu’est le maïs par ce sous-produit afin de réduire les coûts de production et améliorer la rentabilité des élevages de volailleMots clés : Taux d’incorporation, drêche, coûts de production, lots expérimentaux, poussins de souche Cobb 500. English Title: Effect of partial substitution of maize in feed with dried artisanal dreche on the zoo technical performances of broilersThis study was carried out in order to assess the effects of the rate of dried artisanal dreche on the zoo technical performances of broilers. For this purpose, 192 non-sex cob 500 stock chicks were divided from the growth phase into 4 batches according to the rate substitution of maize by dried artisanal dreche for 42 days. A control batch (LT) fed on a ration containing maize as the main source of energy was compared to three experimental batches (LE 15, LE 30 and LE 45) fed on rations in which 15, 30 and 45% of maize were been replaced by the dried artisanal dreches. From a weight point of view, there was no significant (p > 0, 05) difference between the 4 batches. At the 6th week, the average live weight of LE 45 animals (1416, 61 g) was significantly (p < 0, 05) higher than those of others batches (1294±102, 06 g; 1232,75±190,62 g; 1367,57±210,74 g). Feed consumption was significantly (p < 0,05) high in chickens from batches LE 30 and LE 45 compared to those from batches LT and LE 15. The carcass weight was significantly (p < 0,05) higher in chickens from batch LE 45 than in chickens from others batches. The carcass yield showed no significant (p > 0, 05) difference between the four batches. The weights of the heart and the liver were significantly (p < 0, 05) lower in the LT, LE 15 and LE 30 batches than that of the LE 45 batch. The price per kg of food decreases as the substitution rate increases. The price difference was 36, 75 FCFA between batches LT and LE 45. However, batch LE 30 had the best production cost. Considering the economic advantages of dried artisanal dreche, it appears in perspective necessary to replace the basic food that is corn by this by-product in order to reduce production costs and improve the profitability of poultry farms.Keywords: Incorporation rate, dreche, production costs, experimental batches, Cobb 500 strain chicks.

Development and Assessment of Shelf-Stable Spicy Snacks Prepared from Buffalo Tripe by Incorporating Sichuan Pepper (Timur)

A study was conducted for the preparation of the shelf stable spicy tripe snack from buffalo tripe with two different spices mixture. The main difference in the spice mixture is that one mix did not contain the Sichuan Pepper (timur) which is called as control batch and another contained it which is called as treated batch. Trial of product development was performed for three times where the combinations of the spices were altered till best combination was obtained. The prepared products were compared to sensory, microbiological and chemical analysis. The timur treated sample was found significantly superior in terms of taste and overall acceptability. The results of microbiological and physiochemical analysis showed that the timur-added snack more shelf-stable than un-added snack. Proximate composition of the best formulation moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash, salt and carbohydrates by difference are 43.915±1.5, 10.447±0.5, 15.203±0.5, 1.263±0.7, 2.7±0.7, 5.554±0.6 and 20.919±2.3, respectively.

Effect of Protein Oxidation on Microbial, Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amine Content in Chinese Dry Sausage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of protein oxidation on microbial, free amino acids (FAAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in Chinese dry sausage during processing. Three different batches of Chinese dry sausages were examined: control batch, pro-oxidation batch and anti-oxidation batch. The experimental results revealed that anti-oxidation batch showed the lowest degree of protein oxidation compared with control batch, while the results of the pro-oxidation batch were just opposite. With the increasing protein oxidation, estimated by protein carbonyls and sulfhydryls, microbial content and free amino acid content increased, while BA content decreased. The protein carbonyls were positively correlated with total FAAs (P < 0.01) and total BA content (P < 0.05), while sulfhydryls content was negatively correlated with total FAA content (P < 0.01), total viable counts (P < 0.01), and total BA content (P < 0.01). In conclusion, reduced protein oxidation contributes to improved quality of Chinese dry sausage. This research provided a new strategy to improve the quality of meat product manufacture.