scholarly journals Counterfeit formulations: analytical perspective on anorectics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Osei Mensah Bonsu ◽  
Constance Afoakwah ◽  
Maria de la Paz Aguilar-Caballos
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Analysis ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Counterfeit Drug ◽  
International Agencies

Abstract Purpose This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored. Methods All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies. Results Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries. Conclusions Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.

Electron microscopic studies on ultrathin frozen sections of lactating mouse mammary gland

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
Jan Zarzycki ◽  
Joseph Szroeder
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections

The mammary gland ultrastructure in various functional states is the object of our investigations. The material prepared for electron microscopic examination by the conventional chemical methods has several limitations, the most important are the protein denaturation processes and the loss of large amounts of chemical constituents from the cells. In relevance to this,one can't be sure about a degree the observed images are adequate to the realy ultrastructure of a living cell. To avoid the disadvantages of the chemical preparation methods,some autors worked out alternative physical methods based on tissue freezing / freeze-drying, freeze-substitution, freeze-eatching techniqs/; actually the technique of cryoultraraicrotomy,i,e.cutting ultrathin sections from deep frozen specimens is assented as a complete alternative method. According to the limitations of the routine plastic embbeding methods we were interested to analize the mammary gland ultrastructure during lactation by the cryoultramicrotomy method.

scholarly journals Herbal Preparations of Medical Cannabis: A Vademecum for Prescribing Doctors

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Brunetti ◽  
Simona Pichini ◽  
Roberta Pacifici ◽  
Francesco Paolo Busardò ◽  
Alessandro del Rio
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Abuse Liability ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Herbal Preparations ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
Different Sources

Cannabis has been used for centuries for therapeutic purposes. In the last century, the plant was demonized due to its high abuse liability and supposedly insufficient health benefits. However, recent decriminalization policies and new scientific evidence have increased the interest in cannabis therapeutic potential of cannabis and paved the way for the release of marketing authorizations for cannabis-based products. Although several synthetic and standardized products are currently available on the market, patients’ preferences lean towards herbal preparations, because they are easy to handle and self-administer. A literature search was conducted on multidisciplinary research databases and international agencies or institutional websites. Despite the growing popularity of medical cannabis, little data is available on the chemical composition and preparation methods of medical cannabis extracts. The authors hereby report the most common cannabis preparations, presenting their medical indications, routes of administration and recommended dosages. A practical and helpful guide for prescribing doctors is provided, including suggested posology, titration strategies and cannabinoid amounts in herbal preparations obtained from different sources of medical cannabis.

scholarly journals A ‘Dilute and Shoot’ Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Multiclass Drug Analysis in Pre-Cut Dried Blood Spots

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3068
Author(s):  
Lucia Mainero Rocca ◽  
Nunziata L’Episcopo ◽  
Andrea Gordiani ◽  
Matteo Vitali ◽  
Alessandro Staderini
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Drug Analysis ◽  
Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Study Results

Drugs able to affect the auditory and nervous systems and consumed by workers to treatdifferent pathologies can represent a possible source of risk in the work environment. All the target compounds involved in the presented project show ototoxic and/or narcoleptic side effects and, for these reasons, occupational safety organizations have recognized them as potential causes of work injuries. A multiclass method for the analysis of 15 drugs among the most widespread worldwide (belonging to nine different classes including antihistamines, beta-blockers, antidepressants, Z-drugs and opioids), was developed and validated. This study describes a rapid, sensitive and effective method to analyse these substances in whole blood using tailored pre-cut dried blood spots. Detection was achieved with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer after an easy and simple ‘dilute and shoot’ solubilisation followed by an UPLC separation. All the issues linked to the use of the dried blood spots and whole blood, such as haematocrit variability, volumetric evaluation and sample carrier choice were carefully studied and managed during method development. From the validation study results it emerged that this approach can be deemed successful thanks to its few pg µL−1 LOQs, good linear intervals, absolute recoveries of no less than 75%, an almost negligible matrix effect and accuracy and precision in line with the European and American guidelines for validation. All the obtained goals have been specifically pursued in order to encourage method diffusion as a primary prevention intervention, even in small private workplaces.

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF COMBINATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC DRUGS MONTELUKAST AND DOXOFYLLINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Sachin N. Kapase
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Method Development And Validation ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Layer Chromatography

For qualitative and quantitative analysis, various analytical techniques are available such as Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometry, High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). As per literature survey, there are some UV, HPLC, Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) and HPTLC analytical methods are developed for Montelukast and Doxofylline individually and in a combination with other drugs too, since yet there are no significant stability studies indicating HPLC method reported for Montelukast and Doxofylline combinations. In the current study, the HPLC method is developed and validated for simultaneous quantitative estimations of Montelukast and Doxofylline. These present techniques are more efficient and sensitive as compared to other analytical techniques.

Analytical Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride and Alogliptin by RP-HPLC in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Forms

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Kapil Rana ◽  
Pushpendra Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Metformin Hydrochloride ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Tablet Dosage

Objective: The day by day new combinations drugs are being introduced in market. Then the multiple therapeutic agents which acts at different sites are used in the management of various diseases and disorders are done. Thus it is necessary to develop methods for analysis with the help of number of analytical techniques which are available for the estimation of the drugs in combinations. An accurate, precise and reproducible RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Metformin Hydrochloride (MET) and Alogliptin (ALO) in tablet dosage forms. Methods: Younglin (S. K.) gradient system UV detector and C18 column with 250 mm x 4.6 mm i. d. and 5μm particle size Acetonitrile: OPA water (80: 20v/v) pH 2.5 was used as the mobile phase for the method. The detection wavelength was 283 nm and flow rate was 0.9ml/min. Results: In the developed method, the retention time of MET and ALO were found to be 6.366 min and 8.616 min. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Conclusion: In this methods linearity, precision, range, robustness were observed. The method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, economic and reproducible. So the proposed methods can be used for the routine quality control analysis of MET and ALO in bulk drug as well as in formulations.

scholarly journals Quantification of Unknown Nanoscale Biomolecules Using the Average-Weight-Difference Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungwoo Lee ◽  
Yonghyun Choi ◽  
Kyobum Kim ◽  
Hyung-Jun Koo ◽  
Jonghoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Difference Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Analysis ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Weight Difference ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Set Up

In order to quantify the amount of drug molecules in drug delivery systems, analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography are used due to their accuracy and reliability. However, the instruments required for such techniques are expensive and not available in all laboratories. Therefore, in this study, we introduce a method that can be a relatively inexpensive and easy to perform drug analysis in almost any laboratory set-up. We have devised the “average-weight-difference method” within the limits of existing spectral analyses. By employing this method, we quantitatively analyzed the amount of isoniazid or doxorubicin molecules loaded onto β-glucan nanoparticles. This proved to be a relatively simple and reliable method and can be used to estimate the amount of nanoscale biomolecules before their analysis through expensive equipment in an environment where the instruments are not readily available.

scholarly journals A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Liang ◽  
Yaxuan Sun ◽  
Xueling Dai
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan ◽  
Methods Analytical

Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environmental industries. Besides having excellent properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, adsorptive abilities and non-toxicity like chitin and chitosan, COS has better solubility. In addition, COS has strong biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effects, etc. The present paper has summarized the preparation methods, analytical techniques and biological functions to provide an overall understanding of the application of COS.

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