Advances in the Experimental Models of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Sil ◽  
Palsamy Periyasamy ◽  
Annadurai Thangaraj ◽  
Fang Niu ◽  
Divya T. Chemparathy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Experimental Models

Mitochondrial CHCHD2 and CHCHD10: Roles in Neurological Diseases and Therapeutic Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Dongrui Ma ◽  
Eng-King Tan
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Motor Neuron Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Mitochondrial Inner Membrane ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects ◽  
Neurological Conditions

CHCHD2 mutations have been identified in various neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is also the first mitochondrial gene whose mutations lead to PD. CHCHD10 is a homolog of CHCHD2; similar to CHCHD2, various mutations of CHCHD10 have been identified in a broad spectrum of neurological disorders, including FTD and AD, with a high frequency of CHCHD10 mutations found in motor neuron diseases. Functionally, CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 have been demonstrated to interact with each other in mitochondria. Recent studies link the biological functions of CHCHD2 to the MICOS complex (mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system). Multiple experimental models suggest that CHCHD2 maintains mitochondrial cristae and disease-associated CHCHD2 mutations function in a loss-of-function manner. However, both CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 knockout mouse models appear phenotypically normal, with no obvious mitochondrial defects. Strategies to maintain or enhance mitochondria cristae could provide opportunities to correct the associated cellular defects in disease state and unravel potential novel targets for CHCHD2-linked neurological conditions.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress Associated with Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Models of Epilepsy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisela Méndez-Armenta ◽  
Concepción Nava-Ruíz ◽  
Daniel Juárez-Rebollar ◽  
Erika Rodríguez-Martínez ◽  
Petra Yescas Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Apoptosis ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
State Failure ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis ◽  
Models Of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is considered one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Oxidative stress produced by free radicals may play a role in the initiation and progression of epilepsy; the changes in the mitochondrial and the oxidative stress state can lead mechanism associated with neuronal death pathway. Bioenergetics state failure and impaired mitochondrial function include excessive free radical production with impaired synthesis of antioxidants. This review summarizes evidence that suggest what is the role of oxidative stress on induction of apoptosis in experimental models of epilepsy.

scholarly journals Probing the Dynamics of Neuronal Proteins In Vivo Using Non-Canonical Amino Acids Tagging

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Lin ◽  
Aya M. Saleh ◽  
Kathryn R. Jacobson ◽  
Sarah Calve ◽  
Tamara L. Kinzer-Ursem
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Click Reaction ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Neuronal Proteins ◽  
Canonical Amino Acid ◽  
Brain Tissues

Background and Hypothesis: More than 600 neurological disorders have been identified, each with varying degrees of complexity and level of molecular understanding. However, current approaches are inadequate to capture the complex progressive nature of most neurological diseases. Therefore, developing techniques capable of probing the temporal dynamics of neuronal proteins in rodents, the most commonly used experimental models, is imperative for proper understanding of mechanisms driving neurological disorders. In this project, a protein labeling technique that enables selective labeling of newly synthesized proteins in vivo is utilized. In this technique, the non-canonical amino acid azidohomoalanine (AHA) is injected into mice to achieve global proteome labeling. AHA is an azide-tagged methionine (Met) analog that is incorporated into the nascent proteins using endogenous translational mechanisms. The azide functional group of AHA allows selective enrichment of the newly synthesized proteins from brain tissues via click-chemistry using alkynebearing affinity tags. This will be followed by detecting the AHA-labeled protein using mass spectrometry. We hypothesize that this labeling technique will help map the dynamics of the brain proteome in health and disease. This will ultimately provide insights into mechanisms underlying complex neurological diseases. Experimental Design or Project Methods: C57Bl/6 murine dams were injected with 0.1 mg/g AHA for two days. Brain tissues were harvested, homogenized and lysates were reacted with biotin-alkyne using copper-catalyzed click reaction. Biotinylated proteins were then enriched using NeutrAvidin beads and eluted by boiling in 2% SDS. Results: Tissues were fractionated into different subcellular components (cytosolic, nuclear, membrane, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix) using buffers of different stringency. Western blot analysis of clicked tissues using Streptavidin-fluorophore indicated effective incorporation of AHA into different cellular fractions of brain tissues. Additionally, the analysis of eluted proteins revealed successful enrichment and elution of AHA-labeled proteins. Conclusion and Potential Impact: Successful incorporation of AHA in nascent neuronal proteins can lead to a comprehensive quantitative approach for elucidating changes in the regulation of neuronal proteins in disease states.

Essential oils in experimental models of neuropsychiatric disorders: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Cristina B. Fernandes ◽  
Ianara Mendonça Costa ◽  
Marco Aurelio M. Freire ◽  
Francisca Overlânia V. Lima ◽  
Francisca Idalina Neta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Cochrane Library

Background: Neural cells undergo functional or sensory loss due to neurological disorders. In addition to environmental or genetic factors, oxidative stress is a major contributor to neurodegeneration. In this context, there has been a growing interest in investigating the effects of essential oils (EOs) in recent years, especially in the treatment of neuropathologies. The chemical and biological effects of EOs have led to important treatment tools for the management of various neurological disorders. Objective: In the present study we performed a systematic review that sought to comprehend the neuroprotective effects of different EOs. Method: This work is a systematic review where an electronic search was performed on PubMed, Science direct, Cochrane Library and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) databases, covering the last 10 years, using “Essential oil” and “Neuroprotective effect” as reference terms. Results: A total of 9 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of EOs was described in experimental models of anxiety, dementia, oxidative stress, cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer’s disease and oxidative toxicity. Conclusion: EOs from different species of medicinal plants have shown positive responses in neurological disorders such as anxiety, dementia, oxidative stress, cerebral ischemia and oxidative toxicity. Thus, EOs emerges with the potential to be used as alternative agents in the treatment of neurological disorders.

Microarray analysis of nonhuman primates: validation of experimental models in neurological disorders

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markéta Marvanová ◽  
Jean Ménager ◽  
Erwan Bezard ◽  
Ronald E. Bontrop ◽  
Laurent Pradier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Experimental Models

scholarly journals Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Bioassay-Guided Natural Product Drug Discovery for Neurological Disorders

Medicines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Pitchai ◽  
Rajesh Kannan Rajaretinam ◽  
Jennifer L. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Natural Product Research ◽  
Model Platform

Most neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable, with large social and economic impacts. Recently, there has been renewed interest in investigating natural products in the modern drug discovery paradigm as novel, bioactive small molecules. Moreover, the discovery of potential therapies for neurological disorders is challenging and involves developing optimized animal models for drug screening. In contemporary biomedicine, the growing need to develop experimental models to obtain a detailed understanding of malady conditions and to portray pioneering treatments has resulted in the application of zebrafish to close the gap between in vitro and in vivo assays. Zebrafish in pharmacogenetics and neuropharmacology are rapidly becoming a widely used organism. Brain function, dysfunction, genetic, and pharmacological modulation considerations are enhanced by both larval and adult zebrafish. Bioassay-guided identification of natural products using zebrafish presents as an attractive strategy for generating new lead compounds. Here, we see evidence that the zebrafish’s central nervous system is suitable for modeling human neurological disease and we review and evaluate natural product research using zebrafish as a vertebrate model platform to systematically identify bioactive natural products. Finally, we review recently developed zebrafish models of neurological disorders that have the potential to be applied in this field of research.

scholarly journals Zebrafish as an experimental model for the simulation of neurological and craniofacial disorders

2022 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Ashwin Rohan Rai ◽  
Teresa Joy ◽  
K. S. Rashmi ◽  
Rajalakshmi Rai ◽  
N. A. Vinodini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Research Techniques ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Vertebrate Model

Zebrafish have gained momentum as a leading experimental model in recent years. At present, the zebrafish vertebrate model is increasingly used due to its multifactorial similarities to humans that include genetic, organ, and cellular factors. With the emergence of novel research techniques that are very expensive, it is necessary to develop affordable and valid experimental models. This review aimed to highlight some of the most important similarities between zebrafish and humans by emphasizing the relevance of the first in simulating neurological disorders and craniofacial deformity.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Ketogenic Diet

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Dupuis ◽  
Stéphane Auvin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy ◽  
Epileptic Encephalopathies ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is an established and proven treatment for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Recently, the KD is being explored for some inflammation-induced epileptic encephalopathies. Given the broad neuroprotective properties of the KD in various experimental models of neurological disorders, there are yet additional potential future uses. Consistent with this, there is growing evidence that the KD exerts anti-inflammatory activity. Ketone bodies, caloric restriction, and polyunsaturated fatty acids might be involved in the modulation of inflammation by the KD. This chapter reviews the evidence that, in part through anti-inflammatory effects, the KD holds promise in the treatment of certain epileptic disorders, neuropathic pain, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease.

Neurovirulence of SARS CoV2: From clinical data to preclinical neuropsychological exploration

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youness Kadil ◽  
Houda Filali
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Major Health Issue

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic represents a major health issue, caused by SARS CoV2, a Human coronavirus. Since the outbreak of this pandemic, the literature on SARS CoV-2 has grown differentially, with increased awareness of extra-respiratory symptoms, including neurological symptoms. Methods: Review based on studies published in the period extending through December 2019 to June 2020. Results and Discussion: This review raises the neurological aspect of SARS CoV2 including the suggested mechanism been involved. Increasingly, neurological disorders are being cited in addition to emerging experimental models with viral involvement. Conclusion: There is a need for further investigation to clarify how it can lead to the onset of acute and chronic neurological disorders, mentioning the importance of the experimental studies in neuropsychopharmacology.

scholarly journals Astragaloside IV Supplementation Promotes A Neuroprotective Effect in Experimental Models of Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 648-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ianara M. Costa ◽  
Francisca O.V. Lima ◽  
Luciana C.B. Fernandes ◽  
Bianca Norrara ◽  
Francisca I. Neta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Astragaloside Iv ◽  
Chinese Medicinal Herb

Background: Neurological disorders constitute a growing worldwide concern due to the progressive aging of the population and the risky behavior they represent. Herbal medicines have scientific relevance in the treatment of these pathologies. One of these substances, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), is the main active compound present in the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge, a Chinese medicinal herb with neuroprotective properties. Objective: In the present study we performed a systematic review that sought to comprehend the neuroprotective effect presented by AS-IV in experimental models of neurological disorders. Methods: This study is a systematic review, where an electronic search in United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus, Web of Science, Medline via Proquest and Periodicos Capes databases covering the years between 2007 and 2017, using “Astragaloside IV” and “Neurodegenerative diseases”; “Astragaloside IV” and “ Neurological disorders” as reference terms was made. Results: A total of 16 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of AS-IV was described in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia and autoimmune encephalomyelitis, by improving motor deficits and/or neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that the administration of AS-IV can improve behavioral and neurochemical deficits largely due to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory properties, emerging as an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurological disorders.

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