The Integration of People Convicted of a Sexual Offence Into the Community and Their (Risk) Management

Abstract Purpose of Review We are reviewing recent research into the community integration of men convicted of a sexual offence and their (risk) management. This is a high-profile political issue that binds together research in psychology, criminology, politics, health, public health, and policy studies. The review will demonstrate that a multi-disciplinary, life course, EpiCrim-oriented approach is the most effective way of reducing re-offending and promoting desistance in this population. Recent Findings Research demonstrates that life course development, especially from psychology and criminology, has an impact on whether people sexually offend or not. Therefore, to understand sexual offending behaviour, we need to look at the aetiology of said behaviour from a nature and a nurture perspective. Therefore, we need to use an Epidemiological Criminology (a marriage of Public Health and criminology) approach that works at all four stages of the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) (individual, interrelationship, community, and societal). The research encourages a person first approach, that we look at Adverse Childhood Experiences and past trauma in the lives of men who sexually offend and use this, in conjunction with strength-based approaches, to inclusively integrate them into society. Summary The prevention of sexual offending, both first time offending, and relapse prevention require a multi-level, multi-disciplinary approach. Successful desistance from sexual offending is as much about the community and society as it is about the individual.

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Public Health Law Strategies for Suicide Prevention Using the Socioecological Model

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1177/1073110519857312 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (S2) ◽

pp. 31-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Catherine Cerulli ◽

Amy Winterfeld ◽

Monica Younger ◽

Jill Krueger

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Suicide Prevention ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Linkage To Care ◽

Community Level ◽

Public Health Approach ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

The Individual

Suicide is a public health problem which will require an integrated cross-sector approach to help reduce prevalence rates. One strategy is to include the legal system in a more integrated way with suicide prevention efforts. Caine (2013) explored a public health approach to suicide prevention, depicting risk factors across the socio-ecological model. The purpose of this paper is to examine laws that impact suicide prevention at the individual, relational, community, and societal levels. These levels are fluid, and some interventions will fall between two, such as a community-level approach to training that enhances provider-patient relationships. At the individual level, we will review laws to improve screening requirements across systems. At the relational level, we note interventions with couples having conflict, such as protection orders and access to attorney consultations, which have been known to be injury prevention mechanisms. At the community level, we discuss legislation that recommends suicide prevention efforts for key individuals working as frontline providers in the medical and educational systems. At the societal level, we explore public awareness campaigns that target stigma reduction for those suffering from mental health burden and enhance linkage to care. The article closes with the discussion that laws are good, but their implementation is essential.

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The Empower Action Model: A Framework for Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences by Promoting Health, Equity, and Well-Being Across the Life Span

Health Promotion Practice ◽

10.1177/1524839919889355 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 525-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aditi Srivastav ◽

Melissa Strompolis ◽

Amy Moseley ◽

Kelsay Daniels

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Life Span ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Well Being ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Action Model ◽

Equity And Inclusion

The empower action model addresses childhood adversity as a root cause of disease by building resilience across multiple levels of influence to promote health, equity, and well-being. The model builds on the current evidence around adverse childhood experiences and merges important frameworks within key areas of public health—the socio-ecological model, protective factors, race equity and inclusion, and the life course perspective. The socio-ecological model is used as the foundation for this model to highlight the multilevel approach needed for improvement in public health. Five key principles that build on the protective factors literature are developed to be applied at each of the levels of the socio-ecological model: understanding, support, inclusion, connection, and growth. These principles are developed with actions that can be implemented across the life span. Finally, actions suggested with each principle are grounded in the tenets of race equity and inclusion, framing all actionable steps with an equity lens. This article discusses the process by which the model was developed and provides steps for states and communities to implement this tool. It also introduces efforts in a state to use this model within county coalitions through an innovative use of federal and foundation funding.

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TB SEQUEL: Pathogenesis and risk factors of long-term pulmonary sequelae defining the individual outcome and public health impact of TB disease

10.26226/morressier.5991c409d462b80292388c7c ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Olena Ivanova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Health Impact ◽

Public Health Impact ◽

Individual Outcome ◽

The Individual

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Fattigdommens årsager

Dansk Sociologi ◽

10.22439/dansoc.v24i1.4343 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 27-45

Author(s):

Morten Ejrnæs ◽

Jørgen Elm Larsen

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Teenage Pregnancy ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Institutional Conditions ◽

Life Trajectories ◽

Life Trajectory ◽

The Individual ◽

Dynamic Relationships ◽

Key Events ◽

Causes Of Poverty

Fattigdom har fået fornyet aktualitet, fordi andelen af fattige i Danmark er steget kraftigt siden 2001. Denne stigning falder tidsmæssigt sammen med indførelsen af de såkaldte ”fattigdomsydelser”. Det har gjort spørgsmålet om årsagerne til fattigdom påtrængende, fordi det er blevet hævdet, dels at det lave ydelsesniveau ville øge incitamentet til lønarbejde og således reducere fattigdommen, dels at det netop ville skabe fattigdom. Derfor forsøger vi i denne artikel at nuancere belysningen af årsager til fattigdom. Årsager til fattigdom opdeles traditionelt i strukturelle, kulturelle og individuelle forhold eller karakteristika, uden at kausaliteten og deres indbyrdes sammenhæng diskuteres grundigt. I artiklen skelnes mellem: makrostrukturelle forhold som fx lavkonjunktur; institutionelle forhold som fx socialpolitiske tiltag; lokalsamfundsforhold der knytter sig til det boligområde eller den egn, man er bosat i; og individuelle karakteristika, der fremtræder som kendetegn ved individet. Endelig inddrages biografi i form af livsfaser og nøglebegivenheder gennem et livsforløbs faser som fx sygdom, skilsmisse og arbejdsløshed som perioder, begivenheder eller kæder af begivenheder, der kan forklare fattigdom. Med udgangspunkt i denne opdeling vises det, hvorledes forskellige faktorer, processer eller mekanismer i to konkrete cases bidrager til at skabe fattigdom for den enkelte, men også hvordan intentioner, valg og handlinger samt tilfældigheder i de enkelte livsforløb kan have en afgørende betydning. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Morten Ejrnæs and Jørgen Elm Larsen: Causes of Poverty This article focuses on causes of poverty. Causes of poverty are normally divided into structural, cultural and individual conditions or characteristics without fully considering causality and the dynamic relationships between them. In this article we distinguish between macro structural conditions such as recession, institutional conditions such as social policy measures, local conditions related to the residential area where one lives, and individual characteris-tics. Finally we include biography in terms of life phases and constraining key events during a life course such as teenage pregnancy, illness, divorce or unemployment as periods, events or chains of events that can explain why and how poverty emerges. This perspective is shown to illustrate how different factors, processes and mechanisms contribute to throwing the individual into poverty, but also how intentions, choices, actions and coincidences in the individual’s life course may have a crucial impact. This is illustrated by two case studies in which the trajectory of one’s life shows how key events in the form of coincidences cause poverty. However, the analysis also shows that because of their different age, habitus and possession of various forms of capital, the two individuals examined here will develop different life trajectories and attachment to the labour market. Key words: Poverty, causes, habitus, capital, reflexion, life trajectory.

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Territories of state-led aquaculture risk management: Thailand’s Plang Yai program

Environment and Planning C Politics and Space ◽

10.1177/2399654420965241 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 239965442096524

Author(s):

Mariska JM Bottema ◽

Simon R Bush ◽

Peter Oosterveer

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Spatially Explicit ◽

Financial Risks ◽

Shared Resources ◽

Globalizing World ◽

Farmer Behavior ◽

Key Policy ◽

The Individual ◽

High Degree

The Thai aquaculture sector faces a range of production, market and financial risks that extend beyond the private space of farms to include public spaces and shared resources. The Thai state has attempted to manage these shared risks through its Plang Yai (or ‘Big Area’) agricultural extension program. Using the lens of territorialization, this paper investigates how, through the Plang Yai program, risk management is institutionalized through spatially explicit forms of collaboration amongst farmers and between farmers and (non-)state actors. We focus on how four key policy instruments brought together under Plang Yai delimited multiple territories of risk management over shrimp and tilapia production in Chantaburi and Chonburi provinces. Our findings demonstrate how these policy instruments address risks through dissimilar but overlapping territories that are selectively biased toward facilitating the individual management of production risks, whilst enabling both the individual and collective management of market and financial risks. This raises questions about the suitability of addressing aquaculture risks by controlling farmer behavior through state-led designation of singular, spatially explicit areas. The findings also indicate the multiple roles of the state in territorializing risk management, providing a high degree of flexibility, which is especially valuable in landscapes shared by many users, connected to (global) value chains and facing diverse risks. In doing so we demonstrate that understanding the territorialization of production landscapes in a globalizing world requires a dynamic approach recognizing the multiplicity of territories that emerge in risk management processes.

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Dilemmas of nudging in public health: an ethical analysis of a Danish pamphlet

Health Promotion International ◽

10.1093/heapro/daaa146 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Busch ◽

Emilie Kirstine Madsen ◽

Antoinette Mary Fage-Butler ◽

Marianne Kjær ◽

Loni Ledderer

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Screening Programme ◽

Screening Program ◽

Ethical Analysis ◽

Choice Making ◽

The Face ◽

Information Materials ◽

The Individual ◽

To Receive

Summary Nudging has been discussed in the context of public health, and ethical issues raised by nudging in public health contexts have been highlighted. In this article, we first identify types of nudging approaches and techniques that have been used in screening programmes, and ethical issues that have been associated with nudging: paternalism, limited autonomy and manipulation. We then identify nudging techniques used in a pamphlet developed for the Danish National Screening Program for Colorectal Cancer. These include framing, default nudge, use of hassle bias, authority nudge and priming. The pamphlet and the very offering of a screening programme can in themselves be considered nudges. Whether nudging strategies are ethically problematic depend on whether they are categorized as educative- or non-educative nudges. Educative nudges seek to affect people’s choice making by engaging their reflective capabilities. Non-educative nudges work by circumventing people’s reflective capabilities. Information materials are, on the face of it, meant to engage citizens’ reflective capacities. Recipients are likely to receive information materials with this expectation, and thus not expect to be affected in other ways. Non-educative nudges may therefore be particularly problematic in the context of information on screening, also as participating in screening does not always benefit the individual.

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Early Adverse Childhood Experiences and Self-Control Development among Youth in Fragile Families

Youth & Society ◽

10.1177/0044118x21996378 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0044118X2199637

Author(s):

Melissa S. Jones ◽

Hayley Pierce ◽

Constance L. Chapple

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Self Control ◽

Fragile Families ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Considerable Research ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Using Data

Though considerable research links both a lack of self-control and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a variety of negative health and behavioral outcomes, few studies to date have explored whether ACEs are associated with deficits in self-control. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCW; n = 3,444) and a life course theoretical framework, this study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the relationships between individual ACEs, cumulative ACEs, timing of ACEs, and durations of early ACEs and self-control development among youth. Our results indicate that as the number of ACEs (by age 5) experienced incrementally increases, the likelihood of reported self-control decreases. Moreover, when it comes to the timing and duration of ACE exposure, ACEs that are high but late, intermittent, or chronically high significantly decrease self-control. Based on our findings, researchers should continue to explore the role of ACEs in youth self-control development.

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“No Entry into New South Wales”: COVID-19 and the Historic and Contemporary Trajectories of the Effects of Border Closures on an Australian Cross-Border Community

Land ◽

10.3390/land10060610 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 610

Author(s):

Dirk H. R. Spennemann

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Economic Impact ◽

New South ◽

Community Integration ◽

New South Wales ◽

The State ◽

Cross Border ◽

Health Measures ◽

Border Community ◽

South Wales

Given its intensity, rapid spread, geographic reach and multiple waves of infections, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020/21 became a major global disruptor with a truly cross-sectoral impact, surpassing even the 1918/19 influenza epidemic. Public health measures designed to contain the spread of the disease saw the cessation of international travel as well as the establishment of border closures between and within countries. The social and economic impact was considerable. This paper examines the effects of the public health measures of “ring-fencing” and of prolonged closures of the state border between New South Wales and Victoria (Australia), placing the events of 2020/21 into the context of the historic and contemporary trajectories of the border between the two states. It shows that while border closures as public-health measures had occurred in the past, their social and economic impact had been comparatively negligible due to low cross-border community integration. Concerted efforts since the mid-1970s have led to effective and close integration of employment and services, with over a quarter of the resident population of the two border towns commuting daily across the state lines. As a result, border closures and state-based lockdown directives caused significant social disruption and considerable economic cost to families and the community as a whole. One of the lessons of the 2020/21 pandemic will be to either re-evaluate the wisdom of a close social and economic integration of border communities, which would be a backwards step, or to future-proof these communities by developing strategies, effectively public health management plans, to avoid a repeat when the next pandemic strikes.

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Age-Graded Transitions and Turning Points in Polish Offenders’ Criminal Careers from the Standpoint of Life Course Theory

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18116010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 6010

Author(s):

Krzysztof Pękala ◽

Andrzej Kacprzak ◽

Piotr Chomczyński ◽

Jakub Ratajczak ◽

Michał Marczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Turning Points ◽

Criminal Activity ◽

Juvenile Detention ◽

Criminal Careers ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

Life Course Theory ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Choices ◽

First Time

Both juvenile and adult criminal careers show regularities in the origins of delinquency, the dynamics of the criminal pathway, and the turning points that lead to desistance/persistence in crime. Research shows that family, education, and friendship environments contribute significantly to the individual choices that create criminal biographies. Our aim was to apply core aspects of life course theory (LCT): trajectory, the aged-graded process, transitions, institutions, and ultimately how desistance/persistence factor into explaining the criminal careers of Polish offenders. The research is based on in-depth interviews (130) carried out with both offenders (90) and experts (40). The offenders were divided into two groups: 30 were juveniles, and 60 were adults of whom half were sentenced for the first time (30) and half were recidivists (30) located in correctional institutions or released. The experts group (40) includes psychologists, educators, social rehabilitators, and prison and juvenile detention personnel working with offenders. We used triangulation of researcher, data, and methodology. Our data revealed that similar biographical experiences characterized by an early socialization, family and friends-based circles laid the groundwork for their entry and continued participation in criminal activity. Juvenile and adult first-time sentenced offenders led criminal careers significantly different from those of recidivists, who faced problems with social adaptation caused by lack of family and institutional support.

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