scholarly journals Adipokines and Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: from Inflammation to Bone Involvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Cici ◽  
Addolorata Corrado ◽  
Cinzia Rotondo ◽  
Ripalta Colia ◽  
Francesco Paolo Cantatore
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Storage Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions ◽  
Bone Complications

AbstractBesides its well-known role as energy storage tissue, adipose tissue is a biologically active tissue that can also be considered as an endocrine organ, as it is able to secrete adipokines. These bioactive factors, similar in structure to cytokines, are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as glucose homeostasis, angiogenesis, blood pressure regulation, control of food intake, and also inflammation and bone homeostasis via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms. Given their pleiotropic functions, the role of adipokines has been evaluated in chronic rheumatic osteoarticular inflammatory diseases, particularly focusing on their effects on inflammatory and immune response and on bone alterations. Indeed, these diseases are characterized by different bone complications, such as local and systemic bone loss and new bone formation. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of adipokines in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis, especially considering their role in the pathogenesis of bone complications typical of these conditions.

scholarly journals The Utility of Iron Chelators in the Management of Inflammatory Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lehmann ◽  
S. Islam ◽  
S. Jarosch ◽  
J. Zhou ◽  
D. Hoskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Iron Regulation ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents

Since iron can contribute to detrimental radical generating processes through the Fenton and Haber-Weiss reactions, it seems to be a reasonable approach to modulate iron-related pathways in inflammation. In the human organism a counterregulatory reduction in iron availability is observed during inflammatory diseases. Under pathological conditions with reduced or increased baseline iron levels different consequences regarding protection or susceptibility to inflammation have to be considered. Given the role of iron in development of inflammatory diseases, pharmaceutical agents targeting this pathway promise to improve the clinical outcome. The objective of this review is to highlight the mechanisms of iron regulation and iron chelation, and to demonstrate the potential impact of this strategy in the management of several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, including cancer.

scholarly journals Role of Leptin in the Activation of Immune Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Fernández-Riejos ◽  
Souad Najib ◽  
Jose Santos-Alvarez ◽  
Consuelo Martín-Romero ◽  
Antonio Pérez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Infection Susceptibility

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors (adipokines), and its shift to production of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that may be present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response, innate and adaptive response, both in normal and pathological conditions. The role of leptin in regulating immune response has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases are associated with increased secretion of leptin and production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin is a mediator of the inflammatory response.

scholarly journals CHITINASE-LIKE PROTEINS AS PROMISING MARKERS IN CANCER PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Larionova ◽  
T. N. Sevastyanova ◽  
A. A. Rakina ◽  
N. V. Cherdyntseva ◽  
Ju. G. Kzhyshkowska
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cancer Patient ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Patient Benefit ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Metastasis Development

In the present review we collected the main studies regarding the role of chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), belonging to the family of Glyco_18 domain-containing proteins, in different cancers. In  humans, 3 chitinaselike proteins have been identified: YKL-40 (CHI3L1), YKL-39 (CHI3L2) and  stabilin-1-interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP). CLPs are produced by several types of cells  and combine the properties of cytokines and growth factors. The high levels of CLPs were  identified in the circulation of the patients with inflammatory diseases and various types of  tumors. We highlighted the main known functions of CLPs in normal and pathological conditions, their contribution to metastasis development, angiogenesis, invasion and other processes in  cancer, the correlation of the levels of CLPs with tumour progression. Our data also contribute to the understanding of question how CLP could be useful for cancer patient benefit.

scholarly journals RBP4: a controversial adipokine

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Primoz Kotnik ◽  
Pamela Fischer-Posovszky ◽  
Martin Wabitsch
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein 4 ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ secreting biologically active factors called adipokines that act on both local and distant tissues. Adipokines have an important role in the development of obesity-related comorbidities not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a recently identified adipokine suggested to link obesity with its comorbidities, especially insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and certain components of the metabolic syndrome. However, data, especially resulting from the clinical studies, are conflicting. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge on RBP4's role in obesity, development of insulin resistance, and T2D. Special attention is given to studies on children and adolescents. We also discuss the role of possible confounding factors that should be taken into account when critically evaluating published studies or planning new studies on this exciting adipokine.

scholarly journals The role of eicosanoids in renal diseases – potential therapeutic possibilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Fijałkowski ◽  
Joanna Stępniewska ◽  
Maciej Domański ◽  
Kazimierz Ciechanowski ◽  
Edyta Golembiewska
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapies ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Eicosanoids are biologically active molecules that are created in the process of oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) which is a constituent of the cell membrane phospholipids. Throughout the years it was evidenced by experiments that the lipid and lipid-derived metabolites play an important role in physiological and pathological processes in the kidneys. They are being considered as biomarkers in detecting acute kidney injury, nephrotoxicity, glomerulonephritis and early stages of diabetic nephropathy because of their participation in inflammatory processes and in oxidative stress. They might be also considered as potential novel targets of therapy. However, the role of eicosanoids is still not fully clear and needs to be explored in future studies. In this brief review, studies on the role of eicosanoids in physiological and pathological conditions, e.g. acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and in different renal replacement therapies, including kidney transplantation, are being discussed.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of RP105 in Regulation of Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis During Inflammatory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Fan ◽  
Janak L. Pathak ◽  
Linhu Ge
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Inflammatory diseases have a negative impact on bone homeostasis via exacerbated local and systemic inflammation. Bone resorbing osteoclasts are mainly derived from hematopoietic precursors and bone marrow monocytes. Induced osteoclastogenesis during inflammation, autoimmunity, metabolic diseases, and cancers is associated with bone loss and osteoporosis. Proinflammatory cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or endogenous pathogenic factors induce osteoclastogenic differentiation by binding to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family expressed on surface of osteoclast precursors. As a non-canonical member of the TLRs, radioprotective 105 kDa (RP105 or CD180) and its ligand, myeloid differentiation protein 1 (MD1), are involved in several bone metabolic disorders. Reports from literature had demonstrated RP105 as an important activator of B cells, bone marrow monocytes, and macrophages, which regulates inflammatory cytokines release from immune cells. Reports from literature had shown the association between RP105 and other TLRs, and the downstream signaling mechanisms of RP105 with different “signaling-competent” partners in immune cells during different disease conditions. This review is focused to summarize: (1) the role of RP105 on immune cells’ function and inflammation regulation (2) the potential regulatory roles of RP105 in different disease-mediated osteoclast activation and the underlying mechanisms, and (3) the different “signaling-competent” partners of RP105 that regulates osteoclastogenesis.

scholarly journals TRYPTOPHAN: A KEY METABOLITE OF HOMEOSTASIS AND A REGULATOR OF BODY FUNCTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
V. M. Sheibak ◽  
◽  
A. Yu. Pauliukavets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
English Language ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolism ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Receptor Ligands ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Important Therapeutic Target

Background. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid found mainly in protein foods and its availability is highly dependent on a diet. A significant part of tryptophan is metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract by the intestinal microbiota, producing a number of biologically active molecules, including aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands, kynurenines, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Objective. To analyze scientific studies confirming the key role of tryptophan microbial catabolites on the function of a macroorganism. Material and methods. The analysis of 47 English-language literature sources containing information on the effects of tryptophan metabolites on the mammalian organism was carried out. Results. It has been established that tryptophan metabolism plays a central role both in a normal macroorganism and in pathological conditions, it being directly or indirectly controlled by the intestinal microbiota. Conclusions. Thus, tryptophan metabolism is an important therapeutic target, underutilized in the treatment of a number of chronic neurological pathologies and immunocompetent conditions. An important factor is the use of nutraceuticals and probiotics by microorganisms that modulate the metabolism of tryptophan in the intestine and stimulate the synthesis of specific metabolites.

Pathogenic role of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Lupus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 1233-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Domiciano ◽  
JF Carvalho ◽  
Y. Shoenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematous ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Autoimmune And Inflammatory Diseases

Anti-endothelial cells antibodies have been detected in numerous autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and sarcoidosis. Anti-endothelial cells antibodies bind to endothelial cell antigens and induce endothelial damage. Their effects on the endothelial cell have been considered responsible, at least in part, by the vascular injury which occurs in these pathological conditions.

scholarly journals The Complex Role of Estrogens in Inflammation

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer H. Straub
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Sensory Nervous System ◽  
Biologically Active Metabolites

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens. On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in several animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases. On the other hand, we realize the immunosupportive role of estrogens in trauma/sepsis and the proinflammatory effects in some chronic autoimmune diseases in humans. This review examines possible causes for this paradox. This review delineates how the effects of estrogens are dependent on criteria such as: 1) the immune stimulus (foreign antigens or autoantigens) and subsequent antigen-specific immune responses (e.g., T cell inhibited by estrogens vs. activation of B cell); 2) the cell types involved during different phases of the disease; 3) the target organ with its specific microenvironment; 4) timing of 17β-estradiol administration in relation to the disease course (and the reproductive status of a woman); 5) the concentration of estrogens; 6) the variability in expression of estrogen receptor α and β depending on the microenvironment and the cell type; and 7) intracellular metabolism of estrogens leading to important biologically active metabolites with quite different anti- and proinflammatory function. Also mentioned are systemic supersystems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the sensory nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system and how they are influenced by estrogens. This review reinforces the concept that estrogens have antiinflammatory but also proinflammatory roles depending on above-mentioned criteria. It also explains that a uniform concept as to the action of estrogens cannot be found for all inflammatory diseases due to the enormous variable responses of immune and repair systems.

scholarly journals Adipose-Derived Exosomes as Possible Players in the Development of Insulin Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7427
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Żbikowski ◽  
Agnieszka Błachnio-Zabielska ◽  
Mauro Galli ◽  
Piotr Zabielski
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Actual Knowledge ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ involved in the management of energy metabolism via secretion of adipokines, hormones, and recently described secretory microvesicles, i.e., exosomes. Exosomes are rich in possible biologically active factors such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. The secretory function of adipose tissue is affected by pathological processes. One of the most important of these is obesity, which triggers adipose tissue inflammation and adversely affects the release of beneficial adipokines. Both processes may lead to further AT dysfunction, contributing to changes in whole-body metabolism and, subsequently, to insulin resistance. According to recent data, changes within the production, release, and content of exosomes produced by AT may be essential to understand the role of adipose tissue in the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge about the possible role of AT-derived exosomes in the development of insulin resistance, highlighting methodological challenges and potential gains resulting from exosome studies.

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