IL-10 and TGF-ß1 Cytokines Stimulated by Ascaris lumbricoides Body Fluid Are Associated with Secretory IgA Levels Against Other Intestinal Pathogens Attenuating Diarrheal Symptoms

The results obtained in this investigation are admittedly not as extensive as is desirable but they allow certain conclusions to be drawn. 1. The sodium and potassium contents of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides are somewhat variable, but these variations do not seem to be dependent upon those of the external medium. 2. The calcium and magnesium contents of the body fluid are relatively constant and are not affected by those of the external medium. 3. The chloride concentration of the body fluid is closely related to and always remains lower than that of the external medium. 4. As shown in Table 2, there is a large gap between the total concentrations of inorganic cations and anions in the intestinal fluid of the pig. Presumably a considerable proportion of the inorganic cations are combined with organic anions, at present undetermined. Exposing the worms to saline media composed of chloride caused a large rise in the internal chloride concentration. This may well be a limiting factor in the life of the animals in such media, and the next step forward would seem to be the fuller analysis of the environment to which they are normally exposed.

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Intranasal Vaccinations with the trans-Sialidase Antigen plus CpG Adjuvant Induce Mucosal Immunity Protective against Conjunctival Trypanosoma cruzi Challenges

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00278-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 1333-1338 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

O. K. Giddings ◽

C. S. Eickhoff ◽

N. L. Sullivan ◽

D. F. Hoft

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Parasite Invasion ◽

Mucosal Surfaces ◽

Parasite Replication ◽

Intracellular Protozoan Parasite

ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular protozoan parasite capable of infecting through mucosal surfaces. Our laboratory has previously elucidated the anatomical routes of infection after both conjunctival and gastric challenge in mice. We have shown that chronically infected mice develop strong immune responses capable of protecting against subsequent rechallenge with virulent parasites through gastric, conjunctival, and systemic routes of infection. We have also shown that intranasal immunizations with the unique T. cruzi trans-sialidase (TS) antigen protect against gastric and systemic T. cruzi challenge. In the current work we have investigated the ability of purified TS adjuvanted with CpG-containing oligonucleotides to induce immunity against conjunctival T. cruzi challenge. We confirm that intranasal vaccinations with TS plus CpG induce TS-specific T-cell and secretory IgA responses. TS-specific secretory IgA was detectable in the tears of vaccinated mice, the initial body fluid that contacts the parasite during infectious conjunctival exposures. We further show that intranasal vaccinations with TS plus CpG protect against conjunctival T. cruzi challenge, limiting local parasite replication at the site of mucosal invasion and systemic parasite dissemination. We also provide the first direct evidence that mucosal antibodies induced by intranasal TS vaccination can inhibit parasite invasion.

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An Investigation of the Allergens of Ascaris lumbricoides Using a Radioallergosorbent Test (Rast) and Sera of Naturally Infected Humans: Comparison With an Allergen for Mice Identified by a Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Test

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9780459 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 459 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

IJ O'Donnell ◽

GF Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Toxocara Canis ◽

Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Protein Molecules ◽

Isoelectric Points ◽

Radioallergosorbent Test ◽

Nasal Inhalation ◽

Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Test

The identification of those components of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum) body fluid (ABF) which are IgE-inducing antigens (allergens) was found to depend on the type of assay used. By use of the radioallergosorbent test and sera from humans naturally infected with A. lumbricoides, it was found that ABF contains a range of allergens with a variety of isoelectric points and molecular weights. Some cross-reactions were demonstrated between the allergens of A. lumbricoides and Toxocara canis. On the other hand, when a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay was used with sera from mice sensitized by nasal inhalation of ABF plus Bordetella pertussis vaccine, it was found that only one relatively pure fraction of ABF was involved. This consisted of some of the largest protein molecules in ABF: it had a molecular weight of approximately 360000 (subunits 140000 and 220000), an isoelectric region of 8�0-8�4, and was clearly very different from the allergens isolated from ABF by other workers.

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Specific and Nonspecific B-Cell Function in the Small Intestines of Patients with Whipple's Disease

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00705-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 78 (11) ◽

pp. 4589-4592 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Anika Geelhaar ◽

Verena Moos ◽

Katina Schinnerling ◽

Kristina Allers ◽

Christoph Loddenkemper ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cell ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Cell Function ◽

Duodenal Mucosa ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Whipple’S Disease ◽

Whipple's Disease ◽

Immunoglobulin Production ◽

Intestinal Pathogens ◽

Iga Production

ABSTRACT Whipple's disease is a chronic multisystemic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei that is characterized by arthritis, weight loss, and diarrhea. The immunological defects in the duodenal mucosa, the site of major replication of the agent underlying the pathogenesis of Whipple's disease, are poorly understood. Mucosal immunoglobulins are essential for the defense against intestinal pathogens; therefore, we analyzed the B-cell response in duodenal specimens and sera of Whipple's disease patients. Whereas systemic immunoglobulin production was affected only marginally, duodenal biopsy specimens of Whipple's disease patients contained reduced numbers of immunoglobulin-positive plasma cells and secreted less immunoglobulin compared to healthy controls but showed a weak secretory IgA response toward T. whipplei. This T. whipplei-specific intestinal immune response was not observed in controls. Thus, we were able to demonstrate that general mucosal immunoglobulin production in Whipple's disease patients is impaired. However, this deficiency does not completely abolish T. whipplei-specific secretory IgA production that nonetheless does not protect from chronic infection.

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The antiproteolytic enzyme of Ascaris lumbricoides var. suis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000025695 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 141-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

James Henderson Sang

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Sulphate ◽

Lateral Line ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

The Other

1. The inhibitory effect of Ascaris extract on pepsin and trypsin is confirmed. This inhibition is shown not to occur with papain.2. The inhibitory effect is shown to be brought about by a combination of the anti-enzyme with the enzyme and not by any of the other possible causes.3. The extract is shown to have a proteolytic as well as an inhibitory action and these two properties are shown to be due to one and the same substance.4. The term “ascarase” is suggested for this substance.5. The ascarase is shown to be a readily diffusible substance of the order of a primary albumose, is precipitated by ammonium sulphate and 70% alcohol, is only slowly destroyed in acid but rapidly in alkali and is not digested by trypsin. It combines with the greatest quantities of substrate at pH 5–7.6. Ascarase is found in the various tissues of the worm in the following order: ovary, oesophagus, gut, body fluid, ovojector, lateral line, uterus and cuticle. A similar order was found for the male.7. The results found by de Wael (1933) for T. saginata do not apply to Ascaris.8. The effect of the ascarase on the host and its function in the worm are discussed.

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Deficiency of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Enhances Commensal-Induced Antibody Responses and Protects against Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00193-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 76 (7) ◽

pp. 3045-3053 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Lynne Harrington ◽

Chittur V. Srikanth ◽

Reuben Antony ◽

Sue J. Rhee ◽

Andrew L. Mellor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Picolinic Acid ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Citrobacter Rodentium ◽

Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽

Intestinal Pathogens ◽

Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a negative regulator of lymphocyte responses that is expressed predominantly in macrophages and dendritic cells. We detected it at high levels in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph node of young adult mice, suggesting a role in intestinal immunity. Consistent with this idea, we found that IDO-deficient mice had elevated baseline levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in the serum and increased IgA in intestinal secretions. These abnormalities were corrected by a course of broad-spectrum oral antibiotics started at weaning, indicating that they were dependent on the intestinal microbiota. Kynurenine and picolinic acid, two IDO-generated metabolites of tryptophan, were able to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced antibody production by splenocytes in vitro, and kynurenine also induced B-cell apoptosis, findings that provide an explanation for the elevated Ig levels in animals lacking IDO. The intestinal secretions of IDO-deficient mice had elevated levels of IgA antibodies that cross-reacted with the gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In keeping with the functional importance of this natural secretory IgA, the mutant animals were more resistant to intestinal colonization by Citrobacter, developed lower levels of serum Citrobacter-specific IgM and IgG antibodies following oral infection, and had significantly attenuated Citrobacter-induced colitis. Our observations point to an important role for IDO in the regulation of immunity to the gut commensal microbiota that has a significant impact on the response to intestinal pathogens.

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Ascaris lumbricoides pseudocoelomic body fluid induces a partially activated dendritic cell phenotype with Th2 promoting ability in vivo

International Journal for Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.09.007 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 255-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David J. Dowling ◽

Cariosa M. Noone ◽

Paul N. Adams ◽

Krisztina V. Vukman ◽

Sile F. Molloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cell ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Cell Phenotype

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Studies on the nature and properties of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000012208 ◽

1945 ◽

Vol 36 (3-4) ◽

pp. 211-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

W. P. Rogers

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Uronic Acid ◽

Amino Sugar ◽

The Body ◽

Chief Factors ◽

Tissue Fluids

1. The composition of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides of the pig, immediately after removal from the host and after varying periods of in vitro starvation, is recorded.2. Apart from the more frequently observed constituents of invertebrate tissue fluids, the body fluid of Ascaris was found to contain ascorbic acid, amino sugar and small amounts of uronic acid.3. Large amounts of anion other than chloride, probably fatty acid, must have been present in the body fluid, though chloride was probably the predominant anion in fluids of parasites which had passed several days of in vitro life.4. The chief factors (starvation, osmotic pressure and the nature of the medium, etc.) affecting the composition of the body fluid are briefly discussed.

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An Isolated Nerve-Muscle Preparation from Ascaris Lumbricoides

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.23.3-4.277 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 23 (3-4) ◽

pp. 277-291

Author(s):

ERNEST BALDWIN ◽

VIVIEN MOYLE

Keyword(s):

Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Body Wall ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Surrounding Medium ◽

The Body ◽

Muscle Preparation ◽

Nerve Muscle

1. A technique is described for the preparation from the body wall of Ascaris of semi-isolated strips of muscle. These strips are exposed on one side to the surrounding medium and are suitable for studies of the action of anthelminthic and other drugs upon the exposed musculature. 2. A medium suitable for use in such experiments has been devised and its preparation is described. 3. Media made up to represent the body fluid of Ascaris fail to support physiological activity in the exposed muscle strips, and it seems that this perienteric fluid does not correspond to the true milieu intérieur of this nematode. 4. Some new observations on the nature and composition of the perienteric fluid are presented incidentally in the text.

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