Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
A. EDEN
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Inorganic Cations ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Total Concentrations

The results obtained in this investigation are admittedly not as extensive as is desirable but they allow certain conclusions to be drawn. 1. The sodium and potassium contents of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides are somewhat variable, but these variations do not seem to be dependent upon those of the external medium. 2. The calcium and magnesium contents of the body fluid are relatively constant and are not affected by those of the external medium. 3. The chloride concentration of the body fluid is closely related to and always remains lower than that of the external medium. 4. As shown in Table 2, there is a large gap between the total concentrations of inorganic cations and anions in the intestinal fluid of the pig. Presumably a considerable proportion of the inorganic cations are combined with organic anions, at present undetermined. Exposing the worms to saline media composed of chloride caused a large rise in the internal chloride concentration. This may well be a limiting factor in the life of the animals in such media, and the next step forward would seem to be the fuller analysis of the environment to which they are normally exposed.

Studies on the Physiology of Ascaris Lumbricoides

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON ◽  
W. STEPHENSON ◽  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saline Medium

1. The total osmotic pressure, electrical conductivity and chloride concentration of the body fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides and of the intestinal contents of the pig have been measured. 2. The results obtained agree with the observations of previous workers that Ascaris normally lives in a hypertonic medium and that it swells or shrinks in saline media which are too dilute or too concentrated. 3. Experiments comparing the behaviour of normal and ligatured animals show that both the body wall and the wall of the alimentary canal are surfaces through which water can pass. 4. 30% sea water has been used as a balanced saline medium for keeping the worms alive in the laboratory. This concentration was selected as being the one in which there was least change in the body weight of the animals exposed to it. 5. The osmotic pressure of the body fluid of worms kept in 30% sea water is approximately the same as in animals taken directly from the pig's intestine. The body fluid of fresh worms is hypertonic to 30% sea water and hypotonic to the intestinal fluid. In 30% sea water the normal osmotic gradient across the body wall is therefore reversed. 6. In 30% sea water the total ionic concentration (as measured by the conductivity) decreases slightly, but the chloride concentration increases by about 50%, although still remaining much below that of the external medium. 7. Experiments in which the animals were allowed to come into equilibrium with various concentrations of sea water from 20 to 40% show that there are corresponding changes in the osmotic pressure of the body fluid which is, however, always slightly above that of the saline medium. The conductivity also changes in a similar manner but is always less than that of the medium, and the difference between the two becomes progressively greater the more concentrated the medium. 8. The chloride concentration of the body fluid varies with but is always below that of the external medium, whether this is intestinal fluid or one of the saline media. In the latter the difference between the internal and external chloride concentrations is least in 20% sea water and becomes progressively greater as the concentration of the medium is increased. 9. Experiments with ligatured worms and with eviscerated cylinders of the body wall show that these share the capacity of the normal worm to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the environment. This power is not possessed by cylinders composed of the cuticle alone. 10. If the worms which have had their internal chloride concentration raised by exposure to 30% sea water are transferred to a medium composed of equal volumes of 30% sea water and isotonic sodium nitrate solution, the chloride concentration of the body fluid is reduced to a value below that of the external medium. This phenomenon is also displayed by worms ligatured after removal from the 30% sea water and, to an even more marked degree, by eviscerated cylinders of the body wall. 11. It is concluded that Ascaris is able to maintain the chloride concentration of the body fluid below that of the external medium by an process of chloride excretion against a concentration gradient, and that this mechanism is resident in the body wall, the cuticle being freely permeable to chloride.

scholarly journals The Mechanism of Urine Formation in Invertebrates

1936 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-328
Author(s):  
L. E. R. PICKEN
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Urine Formation

1. In Carcinus maenas: (a) The blood may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic to the external medium. (b) The urine may be hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic to the blood, and its concentration may differ in the two antennary glands. (c) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 13 cm. of water. (d) The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is c. 11 cm. of water. (e) The urine probably contains protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure of c. 3 cm. of water. 2. In Potamobius fluviatilis: (a) The blood is hypertonic to the external medium. (b) The urine is hypotonic to the blood but hypertonic to the external medium and its concentration may differ in the two antennary glands. (c) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 20 cm. of water. (d) The colloid osmotic pressure of the blood is c. 15 cm. of water. (e) The urine may contain protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of c. 2 cm. of water. 3. In Peripatopsis spp.: (a) The blood is hypertonic to the urine. (b) The hydrostatic pressure of the body fluid is c. 10 cm. of water. (c) The colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of the blood is c. 5 cm. of water. (d) The urine may contain protein and has a colloid osmotic pressure (calculated) of c. 2.5 cm. of water. 4. It is concluded that filtration is possible and that secretion and resorption almost certainly occur in the formation of the urine. 5. A microthermopile is described. 6. Methods are described for measuring the hydrostatic pressure and the colloid osmotic pressures of the body fluids in small animals.

Hormonal and electrolyte response to exposure to 17,500 ft

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 636-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Frayser ◽  
I. D. Rennie ◽  
G. W. Gray ◽  
C. S. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fluid Compartment ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Hormone, electrolyte, and body fluid compartment changes were studied in subjects who either spent time at 10,000 ft before flying to 17,500 ft or were premedicated with acetazolamide and flown directly to 17,500 ft. In the former group, at 10,000 ft, renin and aldosterone were not different from control. Cortisol increased significantly from 9.8 to 19.5 mug/100 ml on the third day. At 17,500 ft, renin, aldosterone and cortisol were significantly elevated on day 3 but had returned to control levels by day 5. Sodium and potassium excretion was significantly reduced at both altitudes. Total body water, extracellular and plasma volume were reduced (P less than 0.05) at 17,500 ft. Subjects pretreated with acetazolamide and flown directly to 17,500 ft had significant increases (P less than 0.001) in plasma renin, aldosterone, and cortisol levels during the first 4 days at altitude. On day 1 there was a decrease of 45% in sodium and 38% in potassium excretion. On day 4 there was a decrease of 63% and 51%, respectively. These changes are not associated with the premedication. The initial changes may reflect the immediate response to stress and alkalosis followed by a return to control levels as the body adapts to altitude.

Studies on the nature and properties of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides

Parasitology ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chief Factors ◽  
Tissue Fluids

1. The composition of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides of the pig, immediately after removal from the host and after varying periods of in vitro starvation, is recorded.2. Apart from the more frequently observed constituents of invertebrate tissue fluids, the body fluid of Ascaris was found to contain ascorbic acid, amino sugar and small amounts of uronic acid.3. Large amounts of anion other than chloride, probably fatty acid, must have been present in the body fluid, though chloride was probably the predominant anion in fluids of parasites which had passed several days of in vitro life.4. The chief factors (starvation, osmotic pressure and the nature of the medium, etc.) affecting the composition of the body fluid are briefly discussed.

An Isolated Nerve-Muscle Preparation from Ascaris Lumbricoides

1947 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 277-291
Author(s):  
ERNEST BALDWIN ◽  
VIVIEN MOYLE
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Preparation ◽  
Nerve Muscle

1. A technique is described for the preparation from the body wall of Ascaris of semi-isolated strips of muscle. These strips are exposed on one side to the surrounding medium and are suitable for studies of the action of anthelminthic and other drugs upon the exposed musculature. 2. A medium suitable for use in such experiments has been devised and its preparation is described. 3. Media made up to represent the body fluid of Ascaris fail to support physiological activity in the exposed muscle strips, and it seems that this perienteric fluid does not correspond to the true milieu intérieur of this nematode. 4. Some new observations on the nature and composition of the perienteric fluid are presented incidentally in the text.

Exchanges of Sodium and Potassium in Mosquito Larvae

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. RAMSAY
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
External Medium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tubule Fluid ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. The movements of sodium and potassium through the body and their exchanges between the body and the external medium have been studied in the larva of Aedes aegypti L. 2. Briefly, both elements enter the body via the anal gills, are excreted by the Malpighian tubules and can be absorbed from the tubule fluid in the rectum. When either element is present in the medium to excess its concentration in the tubule fluid is increased and the extent of its absorption in the rectum is decreased. 3. Under all conditions the concentration of potassium in the tubule fluid is greater than its concentration in the haemolymph, and the concentration of sodium is less. There is a circulation of potassium from haemolymph to tubule, to rectum or midgut and so back to haemolymph. 4. The composition of the haemolymph in respect of sodium and potassium is remarkably constant in the face of changes in the medium. 5. The volume of the larva appears to be regulated by a nervous mechanism. If the volume is increased peristaltic waves pass down the intestine more frequently and more fluid is voided through the anus.

Observations on the bionomics and physiology ofTrebius caudatusandLernaeocera branchialis(Copepoda)

1941 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Sproston ◽  
P. H. T. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
External Medium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Oxygen Vector ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Mean

A study of the distribution ofTrebius caudatusfrom four species ofRajatrawled from two localities of different depths at Plymouth shows that there is a higher infection rate in the deeper water.Both at Roscoff (France) and at Plymouth the mean total rate of infection is about 20%, and the larger fish are more often infected than the smaller. Both sexes are equally parasitized and the copepods tend to collect near orifices on both surfaces of the fish (regions where the mucus secretion is maximum). Immature forms were found at Roscoff in the mucus of the orifices themselves. The collections from both places contained about equal numbers of male and female parasites.Intestinal respiration, a feature common to free living and parasiticcopepods, includes the gaseous exchange through the gut wall, the associated movements stirring the oxygen vector (which is either the external medium taken in by the anus, or the food current when this is the blood of the host), and the circulation of the body fluid as a direct result of these movements. The significance of the gut movements, which include the peculiar two-way peristalsis, is examined in detail inTrebius caudatus and Lernaeocera branchialis: the former has a functional anus which admits the external medium and the latter has a closed anus and employs the blood of the host as the oxygen vector.

Parathyroid gland before and after cisplatin treatment

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 860-861
Author(s):  
S.K. Aggarwal ◽  
J.M. Fadool
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Antitumor Agent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dna Strands

Cisplatin (CDDP) a potent antitumor agent suffers from severe toxic side effects with nephrotoxicity being the major dose-limiting factor, The primary mechanism of its action has been proposed to be through its cross-linking DNA strands. It has also been shown to inactivate various transport enzymes and induce hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia that may be the underlying cause for some of its toxicities. The present is an effort to study its influence on the parathyroid gland for any hormonal changes that control calcium levels in the body.Male Swiss Wistar rats (Crl: (WI) BR) weighing 200-300 g and of 60 days in age were injected (ip) with cisplatin (7mg/kg in normal saline). The controls received saline injections only. The animals were injected (iv) with calcium (0.5 ml of 10% calcium gluconate/day) and were killed by decapitation on day 1 through 5. Trunk blood was collected in heparinized tubes.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Multiple Mycotoxins in Urine by GC–MS/MS: A Pilot Study on Patients with Esophageal Cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Farhad Niknejad ◽  
Laura Escrivá ◽  
Khoda Berdi Adel Rad ◽  
Masoud Khoshnia ◽  
Francisco J. Barba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cancer Group ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Golestan Province ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Total Concentrations

A pilot study to investigate the occurrence of 10 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, DON; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON; fusarenon-X, FUS-X; diacetoxyscirpenol, DAS; nivalenol, NIV; neosolaniol, NEO; zearalenone, ZON; zearalanone, ZAN; T-2 toxin, T-2; and HT-2 toxin, HT-2) in esophageal cancer patients was performed with the urinary biomarkers approach in Golestan, Iran. Urine multimycotoxin analysis was performed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) analysis, and values were normalized with urinary creatinine (μg/g). Four mycotoxins, namely NEO (40%), HT-2 (17.6%), DON (10%), and HT-2 (5.8%), were detected in the analyzed urine samples. DON was only detected in the control group (5.09 μg/g creatinine), while T-2 (44.70 μg/g creatinine) was only present in the esophageal cancer group. NEO and HT-2 were quantified in both control and case groups, showing average of positive samples of 9.09 and 10.45 μg/g creatinine for NEO and 16.81 and 29.09 μg/g creatinine for HT-2, respectively. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was observed in three samples as binary (NEO/HT-2 and T-2/HT-2) and ternary (DON/NEO/HT-2) combinations, reaching total concentrations of 44.58, 79.13, and 30.04 µg/g creatinine, respectively. Further investigations are needed to explore a causal association between mycotoxin contamination and esophageal cancer. For this pilot study in Golestan, the low sample size was a very limiting factor.

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