scholarly journals The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Endothelial Function and Arterial Elasticity in Cardiovascular Disease as Novel and Emerging Biomarkers

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Glasser ◽  
Tanja Dudenbostel
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Arterial Elasticity

scholarly journals Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A. Meza ◽  
Justin D. La Favor ◽  
Do-Houn Kim ◽  
Robert C. Hickner
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Enzymatic Production

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are considered the main source of ROS production in endothelial cells. The endothelium is a thin monolayer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, acting as a secretory organ to maintain homeostasis of blood flow. The enzymatic production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critical in mediating endothelial function, and oxidative stress can cause dysregulation of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. Insulin is a stimulus for increases in blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are characterized by poor control of the endothelial cell redox environment, with a shift toward overproduction of ROS by NOX. Studies in models of type 2 diabetes demonstrate that aberrant NOX activation contributes to uncoupling of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. It is well-established that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of cardiovascular disease, therefore NOX are important molecular links between type 2 diabetes and vascular complications. The aim of the current review is to describe the normal, healthy physiological mechanisms involved in endothelial function, and highlight the central role of NOX in mediating endothelial dysfunction when glucose homeostasis is impaired.

scholarly journals Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Risk Factors

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Levenson ◽  
Patrick J. Skerrett ◽  
J. Michael Gaziano
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Global Burden

scholarly journals Obese Children Have Higher Arterial Elasticity Without a Difference in Endothelial Function: The Role of Body Composition

Obesity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanie B. Tryggestad ◽  
David M. Thompson ◽  
Kenneth C. Copeland ◽  
Kevin R. Short
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Arterial Elasticity ◽  
Obese Children

scholarly journals Role of adipokines in cardiovascular disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. T17-T36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harman S Mattu ◽  
Harpal S Randeva
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
New Research ◽  
Chemical Messengers

The discovery of leptin in 1994 sparked dramatic new interest in the study of white adipose tissue. It is now recognised to be a metabolically active endocrine organ, producing important chemical messengers – adipokines and cytokines (adipocytokines). The search for new adipocytokines or adipokines gained added fervour with the prospect of the reconciliation between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity and metabolic syndrome. The role these new chemical messengers play in inflammation, satiety, metabolism and cardiac function has paved the way for new research and theories examining the effects they have on (in this case) CVD. Adipokines are involved in a ‘good–bad’, yin–yang homoeostatic balance whereby there are substantial benefits: cardioprotection, promoting endothelial function, angiogenesis and reducing hypertension, atherosclerosis and inflammation. The flip side may show contrasting, detrimental effects in aggravating these cardiac parameters.

scholarly journals Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 2

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 695-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl P. Leong ◽  
Philip G. Joseph ◽  
Martin McKee ◽  
Sonia S. Anand ◽  
Koon K. Teo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Ambulatory Setting ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Dose Combination

In this second part of a 2-part series on the global burden of cardiovascular disease, we review the proven, effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. We specifically review the management of acute cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndromes and stroke; the care of cardiovascular disease in the ambulatory setting, including medical strategies for vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure; surgical strategies for arterial revascularization, rheumatic and other valvular heart disease, and symptomatic bradyarrhythmia; and approaches to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, including lifestyle factors, blood pressure control, cholesterol-lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and fixed-dose combination therapy. We also discuss cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes mellitus; digital health interventions; the importance of socioeconomic status and universal health coverage. We review building capacity for conduction cardiovascular intervention through strengthening healthcare systems, priority setting, and the role of cost effectiveness.

Telmisartan in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Asmar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Ace Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Raas Blockade ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Current Guidelines

The worldwide morbidity and mortality burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is overwhelming and caused by increasing life expectancy and an epidemic of risk factors, including hypertension. Therapeutic options targeting different areas of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) to disrupt pathophysiological processes along the cardiovascular continuum are available. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are first-line treatments for CVD and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are suitable alternatives. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs prevent CVD by lowering blood pressure (BP). Additionally, several studies have demonstrated that RAAS blockade can reduce cardiovascular risk beyond what might be expected from BP lowering alone. However, the ARBs are not all equally effective. Telmisartan is a long-lasting ARB that effectively controls BP over the full 24-hour period. Recently, the Ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial (ONTARGET) study showed that telmisartan reduces cardiovascular events in high cardiovascular risk patients similarly to the gold standard ACE inhibitor ramipril beyond BP lowering alone, but with a better tolerability. Based on the results of the ONTARGET and Telmisartan randomized assessment study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (TRANSCEND) studies, telmisartan is indicated for the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity. This article aims to review current guidelines for the management of CVD and consider key data from clinical trials and clinical practice evaluating the role of telmisartan in CVD.

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