scholarly journals Primary Soil Contaminants and Their Risks, and Their Relationship to Myocardial Infarction Susceptibility in Urban Krakow (Poland)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Ciarkowska ◽  
Ewa Konduracka ◽  
Florian Gambus
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Probable Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
The City

AbstractWe recorded the concentrations, distributions and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in soils from different areas of Krakow––the city-centre, industrial and residential zones––and from outside the city. Their relationships to the soil properties were examined, and associations were established between the soil pollution in the different areas and myocardial infarction (MI) incidences in 5054 hospitalised patients who had lived in Krakow for more than 30 years. The PAH and Cd concentrations exceeded threshold-effect levels in the city-centre and industrial zones, while Zn, Pb and phenanthrene exceeded probable-effect levels. Industrial incineration processes, coal combustion and petrol-powered vehicles are the main sources of the PAHs, Zn and Cd, while the Pb originates mainly from historical accumulation and the use of Pb-enriched petrol. The mean number of MI incidences in Krakow equated to 0.72% of the residents, while in the city-centre and industrial zones it was ~ 2.8 and 1.2%, respectively. In the residential zone, the mean number of MI incidences was < 0.5% of the residents. These results may suggest that differences in MI incidence in Krakow residents is, at least in part, linked to chronic PAH and heavy-metal exposure.

scholarly journals Application of mosses to identification of emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / Wykorzystanie mchów do identyfikacji źródeł emisji wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ciesielczuk ◽  
Tomasz Olszowski ◽  
Marcin Prokop ◽  
Andrzej Kłos
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Pleurozium Schreberi ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City

Abstract The moss Pleurozium schreberi was used to evaluate the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Polish cemeteries on the All Saints' Day, when Poles traditionally light candles and candle lamps in memory of the deceased. Moss samples were exposed for 7 days at 4 cemeteries and, for comparison, in a city centre and in a rural area. During exposition, the mean content of 16 monitored PAHs in the samples increased by 455 ng/g at the cemeteries and by 689 ng g-1 in the city centre. In the rural area, the samples showed no statistically significant changes. PAHs whose content increased only in the moss samples exposed at the cemeteries included naphthalene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene together with benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. The concentrations of other PAHs increased in samples exposed in the city centre and at two cemeteries located in the suburban areas. The results presented confirm the possibility of using mosses in biomonitoring of PAHs.

scholarly journals URBAN CONVERSION IN THE CONTEXT OF VILNIUS CITY DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO SOLUTIONS OF MASTER PLAN FOR 2015

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Rūta Leitanaitė
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
City Development ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

Following the principles of sustainable development, one of the priorities, set in the new Master Plan of Vilnius, is development of a compact city. One of the instruments to achieve it is urban conversion. A convertible territory is a territory, which doesnt correspond to city‘s development priorities, its urban structure, or is injurious to the environment. There are two types of convertible territories defined in Vilnius: the former or is existing industrial zones and territories of collective gardens. Convertible territories are set after analysing them by criteria describing their impact on the city’s urban, environmental, economic, social qualities. When setting the regulations of conversion and future function of a territory, future sustainable connections with the adjacent urban and functional structures are the essential thing. The main principle of urban conversion is the multifunctional use, accentuating the necessity of public, social infrastructure. The regulations for convertible areas are analogous to the ones set for newly developing areas. The main part of the former industrial territories is to be converted into multifunctional (residential, commercial, public) zones, giving priority to the ones located in the city centre or local centres. All the territories of collective gardens are to be converted into single-family housing areas. The process of implementation of the regulation and control of urban conversion isn’t unquestionable. Improvements of the method are suggested referring to the experience of other European cities. Urbanistinė konversija Vilniaus miesto plėtros kontekste pagal bendrojo plano 2015 metams sprendinius Santrauka Pateikta Vilniaus BP konvertuojamų teritorijų samprata ir tipai, aptariamas jų potencialo nustatymo būdas. Pristatoma konvertuotinų teritorijų Vilniaus mieste identifikavimo metodika; apžvelgta teikiama Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės teritorijos bendrajame plane iki 2015 metų teritorijų konversijos reglamentų nustatymo metodika bei konversijos reglamentų siūlymai konkrečioms miesto teritorijoms. Aptariami teritorijų konversijos sprendinių įgyvendinimo ir reguliavimo Lietuvoje mechanizmo trūkumai bei Europos miestų patirtis šioje srityje, išskiriant optimalius metodus. Apžvelgiama urbanistinės konversijos reguliavimo problema žemesnio nei bendrasis planas rango teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose.

scholarly journals SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON MICROCLIMATE AND THERMAL COMFORT IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Spangenberg ◽  
Paula Shinzato ◽  
Erik Johansson ◽  
Denise Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Street Canyon ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
City Centre ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Mean Radiant Temperature ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Radiant Temperature ◽  
The City

The microclimates of a park, a square and a street canyon were measured on a summer day in the city centre of São Paulo, Brazil. The field monitoring showed that the park was up to 2°C cooler than the square and the canyon. The effect of adding shading trees to the street canyon was simulated for the same day using the numerical model ENVI-met. The simulations showed that incorporating street trees in the urban canyon had a limited cooling effect on the air temperature (up to 1.1°C), but led to a significant cooling of the street surface (up to 12°C) as well as a great reduction of the mean radiant temperature at pedestrian height (up to 24°C). Although the trees lowered the wind speed up to 45% of the maximum values, the thermal comfort was improved considerably as the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was reduced by up to 12°C.

scholarly journals Distribution and abundance of the Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris in an urbanised environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kopij
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Density Estimate ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City

Abstract In late autumn 2004, 160 dreys were found in all parks in Wroclaw (N=21 parks), i.e. 2.8 dreys per 10 ha. In the same period, 145 squirrels, grouped in 69 families, were counted in all these parks (1.23 families per 10 ha). The mean group size (including records of single squirrels) was 1.93 (SD = 1.04; N = 157). The density estimate based on this (number of dreys/mean number of dreys per group) shall be 1.40 families per 10 ha, therefore close to the value based on the number of squirrels counted. Squirrels were most common (64% of all squirrels recorded in parks) in largest parks located c. 2-7 km from the city centre. In forests (N = 12), squirrels density was much lower than in parks (0.1-0.3 families per 10 ha).

scholarly journals Assessment of urban aerosol pollution over the Moscow megacity by the MAIAC aerosol product

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 877-891
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Y. Zhdanova ◽  
Natalia Y. Chubarova ◽  
Alexei I. Lyapustin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
Aerosol Sources ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City

Abstract. We estimated the distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with a spatial resolution of 1 km over the Moscow megacity using the MAIAC aerosol product based on MODIS satellite data (Lyapustin et al., 2018) for the warm period of the year (May–September, 2001–2017). AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network)-based validation of satellite estimates near the city centre at Moscow_MSU_MO and over the Moscow suburbs at Zvenigorod revealed that MAIAC AOT at 0.47 µm is in agreement with AERONET AOT though underestimated by 0.05–0.1 for AOT<1 and overestimated for smoke conditions with AOT>1. The MAIAC AOT biases were almost the same for the Moscow_MSU_MO and Zvenigorod AERONET sites, which indicated that the MAIAC algorithm effectively removed the effect of the bright urban surface in the city centre. For the ground-based measurements, the difference between annual median AOT at Moscow_MO_MSU and Zvenigorod (ΔAOT) varied within −0.002 to +0.03, with statistically significant positive bias for most years, and an average ΔAOT was about 0.02. According to the MAIAC dataset, the ΔAOT varied within ±0.01 and was not statistically significant. The ΔAOT started decreasing recently due to intensive urban development of the territory around Zvenigorod and the decrease in pollutant emissions in Moscow, which is mainly caused by the environmental regulations. According to the MAIAC dataset, the most pronounced spatial AOT differences over the territory of Moscow were observed at the 5 % quantile level, where they reached 0.05–0.06 over several locations and could be attributed to the stationary sources of aerosol pollution, for example, large areas of construction sites, aerosol pollution from roads and highways, or agriculture activities. The differences between the maximum and the mean AOT for different quantiles, except the 95 % quantile, within the Moscow region, were about 0.02–0.04, which could be attributed to the local aerosol sources. The application of the MAIAC algorithm over the whole Moscow region has revealed a decreasing AOT trend over the centre of Moscow and an increasing trend over the “New” Moscow territory which experienced an intensive build-up and agricultural development.

scholarly journals Contents of Potentially Toxic Metals and Magnetic Susceptibility of Soils Along a Rural – Urban – Rural Gradient in Bratislava City (Slovakia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Lucia Lachká ◽  
Edgar Hiller ◽  
Ondrej Ďurža
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City

AbstractThe concentrations of potentially toxic metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and Fe) and the values of magnetic susceptibility in surface soils were measured along NW-SE gradient in Bratislava city (rural – urban – rural soils). The results indicate that both the contents of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) and the values of magnetic susceptibility decrease with increasing distance from the city centre in both directions. Urban soils are enriched mainly in Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn. Their elevated concentrations in soils within the city are due to accumulation from anthropogenic activities. There was a statistically significant and positive correlation between the mean values of Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) and the mean values of magnetic susceptibility in soil samples. This correlation shows that the monitoring of magnetic properties of soils can be used as a rapid and non-destructive tool for the effective determination of environmental pollution in urbanized regions affected by anthropogenic activities.

Influence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and rt-PA Therapy on Circulating Fibrinogen

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (04) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Seifried ◽  
M Oethinger ◽  
P Tanswell ◽  
E Hoegee-de Nobel ◽  
W Nieuwenhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Thrombolytic Agent ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Fibrinogen Degradation Products ◽  
Fibrin Degradation Products ◽  
Rebound Phenomenon ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIn 12 patients treated with 100 mg rt-PA/3 h for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), serial fibrinogen levels were measured with the Clauss clotting rate assay (“functional fibrinogen”) and with a new enzyme immunoassay for immunologically intact fibrinogen (“intact fibrinogen”). Levels of functional and “intact fibrinogen” were strikingly different: functional levels were higher at baseline; showed a more pronounced breakdown during rt-PA therapy; and a rebound phenomenon which was not seen for “intact fibrinogen”. The ratio of functional to “intact fibrinogen” was calculated for each individual patient and each time point. The mean ratio (n = 12) was 1.6 at baseline, 1.0 at 90 min, and increased markedly between 8 and 24 h to a maximum of 2.1 (p <0.01), indicating that functionality of circulating fibrinogen changes during AMI and subsequent thrombolytic therapy. The increased ratio of functional to “intact fibrinogen” seems to reflect a more functional fibrinogen at baseline and following rt-PA infusion. This is in keeping with data that the relative amount of fast clotting “intact HMW fibrinogen” of total fibrinogen is increased in initial phase of AMI. The data suggest that about 20% of HMW fibrinogen are converted to partly degraded fibrinogen during rt-PA infusion. The rebound phenomenon exhibited by functional fibrinogen may result from newly synthesized fibrinogen with a high proportion of HMW fibrinogen with its known higher degree of phosphorylation. Fibrinogen- and fibrin degradation products were within normal range at baseline. Upon infusion of the thrombolytic agent, maximum median levels of 5.88 μg/ml and 5.28 μg/ml, respectively, were measured at 90 min. Maximum plasma fibrinogen degradation products represented only 4% of lost “intact fibrinogen”, but they correlatedstrongly and linearly with the extent of “intact fibrinogen” degradation (r = 0.82, p <0.01). In contrast, no correlation was seen between breakdown of “intact fibrinogen” and corresponding levels of fibrin degradation products. We conclude from our data that the ratio of functional to immunologically “intact fibrinogen” may serve as an important index for functionality of fibrinogen and select patients at high risk for early reocclusion. Only a small proportion of degraded functional and “intact fibrinogen”, respectively, is recovered as fibrinogen degradation products. There seems to be a strong correlation between the degree of elevation of fibrinogen degradation products and the intensity of the systemic lytic state, i.e. fibrinogen degradation.

The Quantitation of Platelet Aggregation Induced by Four Compounds: A Study in Relation to Myocardial Infarction

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 752-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R O’Brien ◽  
F. C Path ◽  
Joan B. Heywood ◽  
J. A Heady
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Myocardial Infarct ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Platelet Shape

SummaryMethods for measuring and comparing day to day differences in the response of platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma to added ADP, 5-H.T., adrenaline and collagen are reported. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP, 5-H.T. and adrenaline was studied in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in others 3 months to 5 years after an infarct; some were receiving anti-coagulants and others not: these three groups were compared with three control groups. The mean platelet shape was rounder and the response to ADP and to 5-H.T. and one parameter of the response to adrenaline was significantly greater in all groups of patients with myocardial infarct taken together than in the controls. The platelet-rich plasma from patients with recent infarction were most responsive to ADP and 5-H.T. immediately after the infarct. Anti-coagulants had no effect on these tests. However, there was wide variation within the individuals and much overlap between groups, and these tests can only reliably distinguish between groups and not between individuals. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

Restricting Traffic into the City Centre: Has Madrid Central Been Effective to Reduce NO 2 Levels?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Salas ◽  
María José Pérez Villadóniga ◽  
Juan Prieto Rodríguez ◽  
Ana Russo
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
The City
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