Study of the nonlinear character of ionospheric signals possessing critical frequency (foF2) at Pakistan air space

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulbul Jan ◽  
Faisal Ahmed Khan Afridi ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Muhammad Ayub Khan Yousufzai
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Wafaa H.A. Zaki

The ionosphere layer (F2) is known as the most important layer for High frequency (Hf) radio communication because it is a permanent layer and excited during the day and night so it is able to reflect the frequencies at night and day due to its high critical frequency, and this layer is affected by daily and monthly solar activity. In this study the characteristics and behavior of F2 layer during Solar cycle 24 were studied, the effect of Sunspots number (Ri) on the critical frequency (foF2), were investigated for the years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) which represents the down phase of the solar cycle 24 over Erbil station (36° N, 44° E) by finding the critical frequency (foF2) values, the layer’ s impression times are determined for the days of solstice as well as equinox, where the solar activity was examined for the days of the winter and summer solstice and the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes for a period of 24 hours by applied the International Reference Ionosphere model IRI (2016). The output data for foF2 were verified by using the IRI-Ne- Quick option by specifying the time, date and Sunspot number parameters. Statistical analysis was caried out through the application of the Minitab (version 2018) in order to find the correlation between the critical frequency (foF2) of Ionospheric layer F2 and Sunspot number. It was concluded that the correlation is strong and positive, this indicate that critical frequency (foF2) increase with increasing Sunspots number (Ri) for solar cycle 24.


2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bertoni ◽  
Y. Sahai ◽  
W. L. C. Lima ◽  
P. R. Fagundes ◽  
V. G. Pillat ◽  
...  

Abstract. In this work, the F-region critical frequency (foF2) and peak height (hmF2) measured by digital ionosondes at two Brazilian low-latitude stations, namely Palmas (10.17° S, 48.20° W, dip –10.80°) and São José dos Campos (23.20° S, 45.86° W, dip –38.41°), are compared with the IRI-2001 model predictions. The comparison at the latter station shows quite a reasonable agreement for both parameters. The former station exhibits a better agreement for hmF2 than for foF2. In general, the model generates good results, although some improvements are still necessary to implement in order to obtain better simulations for equatorial ionospheric regions.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Moro ◽  
Jiyao Xu ◽  
Clezio Marcos De Nardin ◽  
Laysa Cristina Araújo Resende ◽  
Régia Pereira Silva ◽  
...  

Abstract. In this work we analyse the ionograms obtained by the recent Digisonde installed in Santa Maria (29.7º S, 53.7º W, dip angle = − 37º), Brazil, to calculate the monthly averages of the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2), its peak height (hmF2), and the E-region critical frequency (foE) acquired during geomagnetically quiet days from September 2017 to August 2018. The monthly averages are compared to the 2016 version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model predictions in order to study its performance close to the center of the South America Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), which is a region particularly important for High Frequency (HF) ground-to-satellite navigation signals. The foF2 estimated with the Consultative Committee International Radio (CCIR) and International Union of Radio Science (URSI) options predicts well throughout the year. Whereas, for hmF2, it is recommended to use the SHU-2015 option instead of the other available options (AMTB2013 and BSE-1979). The IRI-2016 model outputs for foE and the observations presented very good agreements.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hall ◽  
Magnar Gullikstad Johnsen

AbstractIn a recent study, mid-latitude ionospheric parameters were compared with solar activity; it was suggested that the relationship between these, earlier assumed stable, might be changing with time (Lastovicka, 2019). Here, the information is extended to higher latitude (69.6°N, 19.2E) and further back in time. For the ionospheric F-region (viz. the critical frequency, FoF2) the same behaviour is seen with a change-point around 1996. For the ionospheric E-region (viz. the critical frequency, foE), change-points are less obvious than in the mid-latitude study, presumably owing to the observation site lying under the auroral oval.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Alessandro Ippolito ◽  
Loredana Perrone ◽  
Christina Plainaki ◽  
Claudio Cesaroni

The variations of the hourly observations of the critical frequency foF2, recorded at the Ionospheric Observatory of Rome by the AIS-INGV ionosonde (geographic coordinates 41.82° N, 12.51° E; geomagnetic coordinates 41.69° N, 93.97° E) during the low activity periods at the turn of solar cycles 21–22, 22–23 and 23–24, are investigated. Deviations of foF2 greater than ± 15% with respect to a background level, and with a minimum duration of 3 h, are here considered anomalous. The dependence of these foF2 anomalies on geomagnetic activity has been accurately investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the last deep solar minimum 2007–2009, in comparison with the previous solar cycle minima. The lack of day-time anomalous negative variations in the critical frequency of the F2 layer, is one of the main findings of this work. Moreover, the analysis of the observed foF2 anomalies confirms the existence of two types of positive F2 layer disturbances, characterised by different morphologies and, different underlying physical processes. A detailed analysis of four specific cases allows the definition of possible scenarios for the explanation of the mechanisms behind the generation of the foF2 anomalies.


1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rishbeth ◽  
B. Jenkins ◽  
R. J. Moffett

Abstract. It was noticed 60 years ago that at sunrise (i) the ionospheric critical frequency foF2 increases faster in winter than in summer and (ii) the increase begins at a greater solar zenith angle in winter. It was later suggested that this "seasonal sunrise anomaly" is due to a seasonal change of atomic/molecular ratio in the neutral air in the F2-layer. This paper uses the Sheffield University plasmasphere-ionosphere computational model (SUPIM) with the MSIS thermosphere model to examine the relative importance at sunrise of production, loss and diffusion processes, and the effect of neutral air winds. The results show that both (i) and (ii) can be explained in terms of neutral composition changes.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1807-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Liperovskaya ◽  
V. V. Bogdanov ◽  
P.-F. Biagi ◽  
C.-V. Meister ◽  
V. A. Liperovsky

Abstract. In the present work it is shown that, in accordance with the observations of the vertical sounding station "Tashkent", the critical foE-frequency of the daytime E-layer increases about one day before winter-earthquakes with magnitudes M > 5 and depths of the epicentre of h < 60 km, which appeared at distances of R < 2000 km from the station. The reliability of the result is larger than 99 %. The phenomenon is not observed for summer-earthquakes. It seems to be determined by the atmospheric wind system. Further, the variations of the foE-frequency are compared with possible simultaneous variations of the critical frequency foF2 of the F2-layer. First results show that only very large changes of the ionisation density in the E-layer influence the ionisation density in the F-region. Therefore, no synchronous growth of the foE- and foF2-frequencies 1–2 days before seismic shocks could be observed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Sergii Panasenko ◽  
Dmytro Kotov ◽  
Taras Zhivolup ◽  
Olexander Koloskov ◽  
Volodymyr Lisachenko

Based on the results of simultaneous ionosonde observations during low solar and weak magnetic activities, a coupling was found between diurnal and quasi-periodic variations in ionospheric parameters over magnetically conjugated regions, where the Ukrainian Antarctic Station (UAS) and Millstone Hill Observatory are located. A significant impact of the summer hemisphere on the nighttime variations of the F2 layer critical frequency foF2 in the magnetically conjugated region in the winter hemisphere was found. The most characteristic manifestation of this impact is the control of foF2 variations over the UAS not by the local sunset (sunrise), but by the sunset (sunrise) over Millstone Hill. It was found that the sunset over Millstone Hill leads to an increase in foF2 over the UAS, while the sunrise leads to a decrease in foF2 with a subsequent sharp increase. Both phenomena are associated with changes in the photoelectron flux from the northern hemisphere, corresponding changes in the electron temperature in the ionosphere above the UAS and the effect of these changes on the compression or rarefaction of the ionospheric plasma and changes in the plasmaspheric fluxes of H + ions. It was shown that the transition from nighttime to daytime conditions over both observation points was characterized by a significant decrease in the F2 layer peak height, and the difference in the values of this ionospheric parameter over Millstone Hill and UAS at night is due to seasonal differences in the thermospheric circulation and the difference in the behavior of the ionospheric parameters in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Manifestations of atmospheric gravity waves, caused by the passage of local sunrise terminators, as traveling ionospheric disturbances with periods of about 90 and 75 – 120 mins over Millstone Hill and UAS, respectively, were found. These waves were most likely generated in the region located between the ionospheric F1 and F2 layers, where the sharp gradients in the electron and ion densities occur during changes in the intensity of solar radiation. It is confirmed that wave disturbances in atmospheric and ionospheric parameters can be transferred between magnetically conjugated regions by slow magnetohydrodynamic waves generated both at the heights of the ionospheric dynamo region due to the modulation of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters by atmospheric waves and the occurrence of external currents, and at the top of the plasmaspheric tube, where sharp plasma compression and heating or rarefaction and cooling occur during the passage of the solar terminator. Keywords: the ionosphere, F2 region, ionosonde measurements, geomagnetic field tube, magnetoconjugate region coupling, atmospheric gravity waves, traveling ionospheric disturbances, generation of slow magnetohydrodynamic waves


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Husni Husni ◽  
Ali Warsito ◽  
Asnawi Husin

ABSTRAK Variasi perubahan frekuensi kritis lapisan F2 (foF2) dan ketinggian lapisan F2 (h'F2) di atas Kupang selama tahun 2014 mengalami perubahan yang bervariasi dimana hal ini bergantung pada aktivitas matahari, semakin tinggi tingkat aktivitas matahari semakin tinggi pula tingkat variasi pada foF2 dan h'F2, sebaliknya semakin rendah tingkat aktivitas matahari semakin berkurang pula tingkat variasi foF2 dan h'F2 variasi perubahan terhadap lapisan F diindikasikan dengan penurunan dan peningkatan nilai foF2 dan h'F2. Peningkatan nilai foF2 rata-rata terjadi pada pukul  07.00 WITA mencapai maksimumnya pada pukul 12.00-14.00 WITA siang hari dan dikuti dengan penurunan nilai foF2 pada malam hari yang mencapai minimumnya pada pukul 05.00-06.00 WITA pagi. Selama tahun 2014, ketinggian lapisan F2 memiliki tiga pola peningkatan yang berbeda, (1) peningkatan ketinggian pada jam tengah hari seperti yang terjadi pada bulan Januari – April, (2) peningkatan pada jam tengah malam hingga menjelang matahari terbit, jam-jam tengah hari dan  sore hingga malam hari terjadi pada bulan Mei – Agustus (3) peningkatan pada pada jam tengah malam hingga menjelang matahari terbit dan jam-jam tengah hari seperti pada bulan September – Desember. Dalam pemanfaatannya sebagai media pantul gelombang komunikasi radio frekuensi tinggi (HF), karakteristik ionosfer di atas Kupang selama tahun 2014, memiliki kemampuan memantulkan gelombang frekuensi tinggi berada pada rentang 2-19.2 MHz dengan ketinggian yang berada pada rentang 179 – 550 Km. Akan mengakibatkan gagalnya komunikasi radio frekuensi tinggi, apabila menggunakan frekuensi lebih besar atau lebih kecil dari frekuensi yang dapat bekerja tersebut. Kata Kunci : Aktivitas matahari, Frekuensi kritis F2, ketinggian lapisan F2, komunikasi radio, frekuensi tinggi. ABSTRACT The ionospheric critical frequency (foF2) and the F2 layer height (h'F2) variation over Kupang during 2014 period unchanged varied where it is dependent on solar activity, the higher the level of solar activity the higher the level of variation in foF2 and h'F2, conversely the lower level of sun activity diminishing the level of variation foF2 and h'F2 variation changes to the F layer is indicated by a decrease and an increase in the value of foF2 and h'F2. Increasing the value of the average foF2 occurred at 07:00 pm reaching it's maximum at noon and 12:00 to 14:00 pm followed by impairment foF2 at night, which reached it's minimum at morning 5:00 to 6:00 pm. During 2014, the altitude of the F2 has three patterns different upgrade, (1) an increase in height on the hour midday as happened in January-April, (2) an increase in the hours of midnight until before sunrise, hours noon and afternoon until the evening occurred in May-August (3) an increase in the hours of midnight until near sunrise and midday hours as in September-December. In the media utilization as reflected waves of high frequency radio communications (HF), characteristics of the ionosphere above Kupang during 2014, has the ability to reflect high frequency waves that are in the range of 2 - 19.2 MHz with a height that is in the range 179-550 Km. Will lead to high frequency radio communication failure, when using a frequency of greater or smaller than the frequency that can work. Keywords: solar activity, the critical frequency of F2, F2 layer heights, radio communications, high frequency.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Maltseva ◽  
Natalia Mozhaeva

Defining ionospheric conditions, the deviation of the observational value of the total electron content TEC(obs), measured by means of navigation satellites, from a median is a bench mark. According to more than 40 ionospheric stations during April 2014 it is shown that synchronism of change of deviations of TEC and critical frequency foF2 of the ionosphere is kept under quiet and moderate disturbed conditions. This fact allows to use a median of the equivalent slab thicknessτ(med) as a reliable calibration factor to calculate foF2 from TEC(obs). The efficiency coefficient of joint use ofτ(med) and TEC(obs) changes from 1.5 to 4 with average value 2.2 across the globe. The highest coefficient corresponds to middle latitudes, however the estimations obtained for high- and low-latitude areas indicate possibility to useτ(med) and TEC(obs) in these areas.


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