Impact of experimental thermal processing of artificially contaminated pea products on ochratoxin A and phomopsin A

Abstract Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genus can infect peas (Pisum sativum), leading to a contamination with the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA). Under unfavourable conditions, a fungus primarily found on lupines, Diapothe toxica, may also grow on peas and produce the hepatotoxic phomopsin A (PHOA). To study the effect of processing on OTA and PHOA content, two model products—wheat/rye-mixed bread with pea flour addition and pea pasta—were manufactured at small-business scale from artificially contaminated pea flour. The decrease of OTA and PHOA contents were monitored along the production process as indicators for toxin transformation. Pea bread dough was subjected to proofing for 30–40 min at 32 °C and baked at 250 °C to 230 °C for 40 min. OTA content (LODs < 0.1 μg/kg) showed a reduction in the bread crust (initially 17.0 μg/kg) to 88% and no reduction in the crumb (110%). For PHOA (LODs < 3.6 μg/kg), a decrease to approximately 21% occurred in the bread crust (initially 12.5 μg/kg), whilst for crumb, a less intense decrease to 91% was found. Pea pasta prepared with two toxin levels was extruded at room temperature, dried and cooked for 8 min in boiling water. In pea pasta, OTA was reduced from 29.8 to 13.9 μg/kg by 22% each after cooking, whilst 15% and 10% of the initial toxin amounts were found in the cooking water, respectively. For PHOA, 60% and 78% of initially 14.3 μg/kg and 7.21 μg/kg remained in the cooked pasta. As only the decrease of the initial content was measured and no specific degradation products could be detected, further research is needed to characterise potential transformation products. Heat treatment reduces the initial PHOA content stronger than the OTA content during pasta cooking and bread making. However, significant amounts of both toxins would remain in the final products.

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Granular bainite or granular ferrite? A preliminary TEM investigation of an HSLA-100 steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087239 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 584-585

Author(s):

R. Varughese ◽

S. W. Thompson ◽

P. R. Howell

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Accurate Description ◽

Granular Bainite ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

The Past ◽

Light Micrograph ◽

Multiphase Reaction ◽

Detailed Nature

Ever since Habraken and Economopoulos first employed the term granular bainite to classify certain unconventional transformation products in continuously cooled steels, the term has been widely accepted and used, despite the lack of a clear consensus as to the detailed nature of the transformation products which constitute granular bainite. This paper presents the preliminary results of a TEM investigation of an 0.04 wt% C, copper-containing steel (designated HSLA-100). It is suggested that the term granular ferrite rather than granular bainite is a more accurate description of this multiphase reaction product.Figure 1 is a light micrograph of a sample which had been air-cooled from 900°C to room temperature. The microstructure is typical of that which has been termed granular bainite in the past and appears to consist of equiaxed ferritic grains together with other minor transformation products. In order to examine these structures in more detail, both continuously cooled and isothermally transformed and quenched materials have been examined with TEM. Granular bainite has been found in virtually all samples.

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Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9040081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Kamila Šrédlová ◽

Kateřina Šírová ◽

Tatiana Stella ◽

Tomáš Cajthaml

Keyword(s):

Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽

Extracellular Enzymes ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Irpex Lacteus ◽

Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽

Ligninolytic Fungi ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pcb Metabolites

Metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—hydroxylated PCBs (OH‑PCBs), chlorobenzyl alcohols (CB‑OHs), and chlorobenzaldehydes (CB‑CHOs)—were incubated in vitro with the extracellular liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus, which contains mainly laccase and low manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) activity. The enzymes were able to decrease the amount of most of the tested OH‑PCBs by > 80% within 1 h; the removal of more recalcitrant OH‑PCBs was greatly enhanced by the addition of the laccase mediator syringaldehyde. Conversely, glutathione substantially hindered the reaction, suggesting that it acted as a laccase inhibitor. Hydroxylated dibenzofuran and chlorobenzoic acid were identified as transformation products of OH‑PCBs. The extracellular enzymes also oxidized the CB‑OHs to the corresponding CB‑CHOs on the order of hours to days; however, the mediated and nonmediated setups exhibited only slight differences, and the participating enzymes could not be determined. When CB‑CHOs were used as the substrates, only partial transformation was observed. In an additional experiment, the extracellular liquid of Irpex lacteus, which contains predominantly MnP, was able to efficiently transform CB‑CHOs with the aid of glutathione; mono‑ and di-chloroacetophenones were detected as transformation products. These results demonstrate that extracellular enzymes of ligninolytic fungi can act on a wide range of PCB metabolites, emphasizing their potential for bioremediation.

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Transformation of ochratoxin A during bread-making processes

Food Control ◽

10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 107950

Author(s):

Marcin Bryła ◽

Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak ◽

Sylwia Stępniewska ◽

Marta Modrzewska ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Bread Making

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Studies on hydrolysis and radiolysis of N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1524/ract.2002.90.3_2002.161 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Y. Sugo ◽

Y. Sasaki ◽

S. Tachimori

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Amide Bond ◽

Radioactive Liquid Waste ◽

Ether Bond ◽

Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing ◽

High Level ◽

Fuel Reprocessing

SummaryHydrolytic and radiolytic stabilities of a promising extractant, N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamide (TODGA), for actinides in high-level radioactive liquid waste from nuclear fuel reprocessing were investigated in air at room temperature. Hydrolysis by nitric acid was not observed, whereas radiolysis by gamma irradiation was notably observed. The radiolysis study showed that an amide-bond, an ether-bond, and a bond adjacent to the ether-bond tended to be broken by gamma irradiation, and dioctylamine and various N,N-dioctylmonoamides were identified as the main degradation products by GC/MS and NMR analyses. The

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In Vitro Removal of Ochratoxin A by Wine Lactic Acid Bacteria

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.9.2155 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (9) ◽

pp. 2155-2160 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

VINCENZO DEL PRETE ◽

HECTOR RODRIGUEZ ◽

ALFONSO V. CARRASCOSA ◽

BLANCA de las RIVAS ◽

EMILIA GARCIA-MORUNO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Ochratoxin A ◽

High Performance ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Cell Binding ◽

A Cell ◽

In Vitro Interaction

A study was carried out to determine the in vitro interaction between ochratoxin A (OTA) and wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fifteen strains belonging to five relevant oenological LAB species were grown in liquid synthetic culture medium containing OTA. The portion of OTA removed during the bacterial growth was 8 to 28%. The OTA removed from the supernatants was partially recovered (31 to 57%) from the bacterial pellet. Cell-free extracts of three representative strains were produced by disrupting cells in a French pressure cell. The ability of crude cell-free extracts to degrade OTA was studied. OTA was not degraded by cell-free extracts of wine LAB strains, and no degradation products of OTA were detected in the high-performance liquid chromatograms of the methanol extract of the bacterial pellet. On the basis of these results, we conclude that OTA removal by wine LAB is a cell-binding phenomenon. The chemistry and the molecular basis of OTA binding to wine LAB remains unknown.

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Photo-transformation of aqueous nitroguanidine and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one : emerging munitions compounds

10.21079/11681/41743 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julie Becher ◽

Samuel Beal ◽

Susan Taylor ◽

Katerina Dontsova ◽

Dean Wilcox

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Pure Water ◽

Transformation Products ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Uv Exposure ◽

Degradation Pathways ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Photo Degradation ◽

Degradation Rates

Two major components of insensitive munition formulations, nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), are highly water soluble and therefore likely to photo-transform while in solution in the environment. The ecotoxicities of NQ and NTO solutions are known to increase with UV exposure, but a detailed accounting of aqueous degradation rates, products, and pathways under different exposure wavelengths is currently lacking. We irradiated aqueous solutions of NQ and NTO over a 32-h period at three ultraviolet wavelengths and analyzed their degradation rates and transformation products. NQ was completely degraded by 30 min at 254 nm and by 4 h at 300 nm, but it was only 10% degraded after 32 h at 350 nm. Mass recoveries of NQ and its transformation products were >80% for all three wavelengths. NTO degradation was greatest at 300 nm with 3% remaining after 32 h, followed by 254 nm (7% remaining) and 350 nm (20% remaining). Mass recoveries of NTO and its transformation products were high for the first 8 h but decreased to 22–48% by 32 h. Environmental half-lives of NQ and NTO in pure water were estimated as 4 and 6 days, respectively. We propose photo-degradation pathways for NQ and NTO supported by observed and quantified degradation products and changes in solution pH.

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Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating HPLC Methods for the Estimation of Lomefloxacin and Balofloxacin Oxidation Process under ACVA, H2O2, or KMnO4 Treatment. Kinetic Evaluation and Identification of Degradation Products by Mass Spectrometry

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25225251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (22) ◽

pp. 5251

Author(s):

Barbara Żuromska-Witek ◽

Paweł Żmudzki ◽

Marek Szlósarczyk ◽

Anna Maślanka ◽

Urszula Hubicka

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Oxidation Process ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Isocratic Elution ◽

Kinetic Evaluation ◽

Stability Indicating ◽

Ich Guidelines ◽

Azo Initiator ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Kinetics Of

The oxidation of lomefloxacin (LOM) and balofloxacin (BAL) under the influence of azo initiator of radical reactions of 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (ACVA) and H2O2 was examined. Oxidation using H2O2 was performed at room temperature while using ACVA at temperatures: 40, 50, 60 °C. Additionally, the oxidation process of BAL under the influence of KMnO4 in an acidic medium was investigated. New stability-indicating HPLC methods were developed in order to evaluate the oxidation process. Chromatographic analysis was carried out using the Kinetex 5u XB—C18 100A column, Phenomenex (Torrance, CA, USA) (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size, core shell type). The chromatographic separation was achieved while using isocratic elution and a mobile phase with the composition of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3.20 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (87:13 v/v for LOM; 80:20 v/v for BAL). The column was maintained at 30 °C. The methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines, and it was found that they met the acceptance criteria. An oxidation process followed kinetics of the second order reaction. The most probable structures of LOM and BAL degradation products formed were assigned by the UHPLC/MS/MS method.

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THE ROLE OF VARIOUS HAEMOSTASIS PARAMETERS IN MONITORING FIBRINOLYSIS WITH PRO-UROKINASE/STREPTOKINASE IN TREATMENT OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

10.1055/s-0038-1642988 ◽

1987 ◽

Author(s):

F Keller ◽

P Schanzenbächer ◽

F Dati ◽

J Huber ◽

K kochsiek

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Therapy Monitoring ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Systemic Activity ◽

Thromboplastic Activity ◽

Specific Degradation ◽

D Dimer

The new drug pro-urokinase, a proenzyme of urokinase (scu-PA), seems to have advantages in comparison with other fibrinolytic agents. Properties like higher fibrin specifity, non-systemic activity and lower antigenity may lead to a lower rate of complications. In a pilot study 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction have been treated under angiographical control with pro-urokinase (3-9 millions IU) by i.v. application. In case of no perfusion a further administration of streptokinase was carried on. The blood samples were obtained at therapy begin and after 5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The therapy monitoring was performed by determination of established haemostasis parameters, like fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen)-split products (FSP), a2-antiplasmin. Plasminogen and batroxobin-time. Furthermore, the diagnostic relevance of new laboratory tests for fibrinolysis, D-Dimer and thrombin-anti thrombin Ill-complex (TAT) has been investigated considering some typical follow-ups. D-Dimer were determined by latex agglutination test and TAT by enzyme immunoassay.Generally the application of pro-urokinase in contrast to streptokinase results in minimal changes of the classic fibrinolysis parameters like fibrinogen, FSP, batroxobin-time etc. demonstrating no systemic lysis. The appearance of plasmic degradation products of cross-linked fibrin (D-Dimer) is a specific indi-cater of the release of thrombotic material. Other non-specific degradation products (fibrinogenolysis) were detected by the measurement of FSP. In some cases in which perfusion ocurred an increase of TAT followed by a rapid decrease was observed. This indicates a higher thromboplastic activity which may originate from the infarcted area producing TAT complex formation.

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