The Traceability Improvement and Comparison of Bell Prover as the Indonesian National Standard of Gas Volume Flow Rate

MAPAN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Prakosa ◽  
C. M. Su ◽  
W. B. Wang ◽  
B. H. Sirenden ◽  
G. Zaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Gas Volume

scholarly journals NATURAL GAS HEAT COMBUSTION DETERMINATION ON MEASURING SYSTEMS WITH DUPLICATE GAS UNITS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Petryshyn ◽  
◽  
Olexandr Bas ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Gas Volume

The paper focuses on the need to determine the natural gas heat combustion in order to transition to gas metering in units of energy. The technical organization of gas transportation in the main and distribution pipelines on the territory of Ukraine is shown. A detailed analysis of regulatory and legal support, which regulates the definition and accounting of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural gas at gas metering units. The draft Rules for determining the natural gas volume are considered in detail. Specified variants of determining the weighted average value of combustion heat in the case of complex gas supply systems with the use of flow measuring means of gas combustion heat. The necessity and urgency of determining the natural gas heat combustion on measuring systems, which are equipped with duplicate metering units without the installation flow means measuring the heat combustion. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a large number of measuring systems are built on the method of variable pressure drop with the use of standard orifice devices. It is pointed out that this method, according to its physical principle, measures the mass gas flow rate. It is also stipulated that ultrasonic gas meters are often used to complete duplicate metering units. The advantages of ultrasonic meters are given. Attention is drawn to the availability of technical metrological support in Ukraine on the basis calibration prover, which includes two secondary standards gas volume and volume flow rate units. Methods and technical means for determining the natural gas heat combustion are analyzed. The calculation of the gas heat combustion and the Wobbe number based on the density values is shown. It is noted that the value of the gas mass flow rate is related to the value of the gas volume flow rate precisely the value of density. The nonlinear dependence of the gas mass heat combustion for the density, which is associated with a disproportionate change in the percentage of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, is shown. The structural scheme of the measuring system with the duplicating metering unit for gas density definition and gas heat combustion calculation is developed. The density calculation and natural gas heat combustion depending on the molar fraction of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the gas from the minimum to the maximum value is carried out. The linear dependence of the change in the gas heat combustion for the molar fraction of nitrogen is established, on the basis of which the method of controlling the gas heat combustion for measuring systems with a duplicate metering unit is proposed. It is shown that the developed procedure for determining the natural gas heat combustion based on the value of density, which is obtained from the calculation of gas mass flow rate and gas volume flow rate consumption on measuring systems with duplicate metering units exactly satisfies class B and C according to DSTU OIML R 140.

A Study on Measurement Uncertainty of a Vortex Flow Meter in Discrete Liquid Phase

2011 ◽  
Vol 346 ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Fei Jia ◽  
De Ren Kong
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Vortex Flowmeter ◽  
Gas Volume

The measurement uncertainty of vortex flowmeter was examined when the gas flow measured was injected with liquid. This test was performed in a multiphase flow calibration facility. A vortex flowmeter of 50 mm in diameter was installed in a 100 mm test section. The gas volume flow rate was held in 141m3/h and the liquid was injected into the gas flow. The liquid volume fractions used at the gas volume flow rate were 0.0106%, 0.0213%,0.0355%,0.0496%,0.0638%,0.0780% and 0.0922%. The small amount of liquid in the gas as discrete droplet is called discrete liquid phase. Analysis on the vortex shedding frequency obtained from a frequency spectra showed that the strouhal values changed from 0.305 to 0.385 with the discrete liquid phase increasing and the total uncertainty of vortex flowmeter was from 0.869% to 2.196%. The experimental result can supply experimental basis for the measurement error correction of vortex flowmeter worked in gas flow with discrete liquid phase.

scholarly journals CONTROLLED LIFTING THE BELL OF THE STATE PRIMARY GAS VOLUME AND VOLUME FLOW RATE STANDARD

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Denys Serediuk ◽  
Yuriy Pelikan ◽  
Oleksandr Bas ◽  
Roman Manulyak
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Excess Pressure ◽  
The State ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
The Impact

The article describes the implemented system of pneumatic lifting of the bell of the state primary standard gas volume and volume flow rate units. The system is composed of unified elements of industrial air preparation. There are elements for air purification in front of the compressor, dehumidifier, refrigerator dryer. With the use of a pneumatic system, the bell can be filled with prepared air with different values of excess pressure. The system is installed as a backup to the current to increase security. Pneumatic lifting of the bell allows you to connect a set of cylinders with pure inert gases or mixtures thereof to determine the impact on the gas meters metrological characteristics.

Research on Enhancement of Natural Circulation Capability in Lead-Bismuth Alloy Cooled Reactor by Using Gas-Lift Pump

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanli Zuo ◽  
Wenxi Tian ◽  
Suizheng Qiu ◽  
Guanghui Su
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Natural Circulation ◽  
Bubbly Flow ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
System Safety ◽  
Bismuth Alloy ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Gas Lift

The gas-lift pump has been adopted to enhance the natural circulation capability in the type of lead-bismuth alloy cooled reactors such as ADS and LMFR. The natural circulation ability and the system safety are obviously influenced by the two phase flow characteristics of liquid metal-inert gas. In this study, the numerical research has been performed to evaluate the natural circulation capability of lead-bismuth cooled ADS with gas-lift pump. The drift flow theory, void fraction prediction model and friction pressure drop prediction model have been adopted in this numerical simulation. The effects of the gas flow rate, the bubble diameter and the height of ascension pipe on natural circulation capability of gas-lift pump have been analyzed. The results showed that in bubbly flow pattern, for a fixed value of gas volume flow rate, the natural circulation capability increased with the decrease of the bubble diameter. In the bubbly flow, slug flow, churn flow and annular flow pattern, with the gas volume flow rate increasing, the natural circulation capability initially increased and then declined. As the height of ascension pipe increased, the natural circulation flow rate went up. Besides, the flow parameters influenced the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the reactor core obviously. Therefore, in the practical engineering application, the suitable gas volume flow rate, bubble diameter and the height of ascension pipe are important parameters to the capability of natural circulation in lead bismuth alloy loop of this research. The present work is helpful for revealing the law of enhancing the natural circulation capability by gas-lift pump, and providing theoretical basis of the optimization design of cooling and system safety.

Novel epoxy/anhydride alternatives for biological electron microscopy: Physical and performance characteristis of embed 812 and LX 112 in combination with NSA/NMA/DMAE

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
Joe A. Mascorro ◽  
Gerald S. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Base Resin ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acid Anhydrides

Embedding media based upon an epoxy resin of choice and the acid anhydrides dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA), nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), and catalyzed by the tertiary amine 2,4,6-Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30) are widely used in biological electron microscopy. These media possess a viscosity character that can impair tissue infiltration, particularly if original Epon 812 is utilized as the base resin. Other resins that are considerably less viscous than Epon 812 now are available as replacements. Likewise, nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) are more fluid than their counterparts DDSA and DMP- 30 commonly used in earlier formulations. This work utilizes novel epoxy and anhydride combinations in order to produce embedding media with desirable flow rate and viscosity parameters that, in turn, would allow the medium to optimally infiltrate tissues. Specifically, embeding media based on EmBed 812 or LX 112 with NSA (in place of DDSA) and DMAE (replacing DMP-30), with NMA remaining constant, are formulated and offered as alternatives for routine biological work.Individual epoxy resins (Table I) or complete embedding media (Tables II-III) were tested for flow rate and viscosity. The novel media were further examined for their ability to infilftrate tissues, polymerize, sectioning and staining character, as well as strength and stability to the electron beam and column vacuum. For physical comparisons, a volume (9 ml) of either resin or media was aspirated into a capillary viscocimeter oriented vertically. The material was then allowed to flow out freely under the influence of gravity and the flow time necessary for the volume to exit was recored (Col B,C; Tables). In addition, the volume flow rate (ml flowing/second; Col D, Tables) was measured. Viscosity (n) could then be determined by using the Hagen-Poiseville relation for laminar flow, n = c.p/Q, where c = a geometric constant from an instrument calibration with water, p = mass density, and Q = volume flow rate. Mass weight and density of the materials were determined as well (Col F,G; Tables). Infiltration schedules utilized were short (1/2 hr 1:1, 3 hrs full resin), intermediate (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) , or long (1/2 hr 1:1, 6 hrs full resin) in total time. Polymerization schedules ranging from 15 hrs (overnight) through 24, 36, or 48 hrs were tested. Sections demonstrating gold interference colors were collected on unsupported 200- 300 mesh grids and stained sequentially with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.

Multi-objective optimization of squirrel cage fan for range hood based on Kriging model

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622199586
Author(s):  
Qianhao Xiao ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Boyan Jiang ◽  
Weigang Yang ◽  
Xiaopei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Kriging Model ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Squirrel Cage

In view of the multi-objective optimization design of the squirrel cage fan for the range hood, a blade parameterization method based on the quadratic non-uniform B-spline (NUBS) determined by four control points was proposed to control the outlet angle, chord length and maximum camber of the blade. Morris-Mitchell criteria were used to obtain the optimal Latin hypercube sample based on the evolutionary operation, and different subsets of sample numbers were created to study the influence of sample numbers on the multi-objective optimization results. The Kriging model, which can accurately reflect the response relationship between design variables and optimization objectives, was established. The second-generation Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to optimize the volume flow rate at the best efficiency point (BEP) and the maximum volume flow rate point (MVP). The results show that the design parameters corresponding to the optimization results under different sample numbers are not the same, and the fluctuation range of the optimal design parameters is related to the influence of the design parameters on the optimization objectives. Compared with the prototype, the optimized impeller increases the radial velocity of the impeller outlet, reduces the flow loss in the volute, and increases the diffusion capacity, which improves the volume flow rate, and efficiency of the range hood system under multiple working conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of Magnetic Field on the Peristaltic Flow of a Viscous Fluid through a Finite-Length Cylindrical Tube

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Pandey ◽  
Dharmendra Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Transverse Magnetic Field ◽  
Finite Length ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Hartmann Number ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Volume Flow

The paper presents an analytical investigation of the peristaltic transport of a viscous fluid under the influence of a magnetic field through a tube of finite length in a dimensionless form. The expressions of pressure gradient, volume flow rate, average volume flow rate and local wall shear stress have been obtained. The effects of the transverse magnetic field and electrical conductivity (i.e. the Hartmann number) on the mechanical efficiency of a peristaltic pump have also been studied. The reflux phenomenon is also investigated. It is concluded, on the basis of the pressure distribution along the tubular length and pumping efficiency, that if the transverse magnetic field and the electric conductivity increase, the pumping machinery exerts more pressure for pushing the fluid forward. There is a linear relation between the averaged flow rate and the pressure applied across one wavelength that can restrain the flow due to peristalsis. It is found that there is a particular value of the averaged flow rate corresponding to a particular pressure that does not depend on the Hartmann number. Naming these values ‘critical values’, it is concluded that the pressure required for checking the flow increases with the Hartmann number above the critical value and decreases with it below the critical value. It is also inferred that magneto-hydrodynamic parameters make the fluid more prone to flow reversal. The conclusion applied to oesophageal swallowing reveals that normal water is easier to swallow than saline water. The latter is more prone to flow reversal. A significant difference between the propagation of the integral and non-integral number of waves along the tube is that pressure peaks are identical in the former and different in the latter cases.

Partial Admission, Axial Impulse Type Turbine Design and Partial Admission Radial Turbine Test for SCO2 Cycle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyungki Shin ◽  
Junhyun Cho ◽  
Young-Jin Baik ◽  
Jongjae Cho ◽  
Chulwoo Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Force ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Rotating Speed ◽  
Turbo Generator ◽  
Partial Admission ◽  
Reduce Development Time

Power generation cycle — typically Brayton cycle — to use CO2 at supercritical state as working fluid have been researched many years because this cycle increase thermal efficiency of cycle and decrease turbomachinery size. But small turbomachinery make it difficult to develop proto type Supercritical Carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle equipment of lab scale size. KIER (Korea Institute of Energy Research) have been researched S-CO2 cycle since 2013. This paper is about 60kWe scale and sub-kWe class turbo generator development for applying to this S-CO2 cycle at the lab scale. A design concept of this turbo-generator is to use commercially available components so as to reduce development time and increase reliability. Major problem of SCO2 turbine is small volume flow rate and huge axial force. High density S-CO2 was referred as advantage of S-CO2 cycle because it make small turbomachinery possible. But this advantage was not valid in lab-scale cycles under 100kW because small amount volume flow rate means high rotating speed and too small diameter of turbine to manufacture it. Also, high inlet and outlet pressure make huge axial force. To solve these problem, KIER have attempt various turbines. In this paper, these attempts and results are presented and discussed.

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