The role of symbiosis in the transition of some eukaryotes from aquatic to terrestrial environments

Symbiosis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwik I. Lipnicki
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Environments

Natriuretic peptides in hormonal regulation of hypoxia responses

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. R257-R264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Arjamaa ◽  
Mikko Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
The Relationship

The possibility that natriuretic peptides' effects are important in hypoxia responses of vertebrates is reviewed. Both the transcription and release of natriuretic peptides are affected by oxygen tension. Furthermore, many of the effects observed in hypoxia, such as diuresis and a reduction of plasma volume, are also caused by treatment of the animal with natriuretic peptides. Also, several clinical observations about changes in natriuretic peptide levels in, e.g., sleep apnea and cyanotic congenital heart disease, are consistent with the idea that hypoxia is involved in the etiology of conditions, in which natriuretic peptide levels increase. Virtually all published information on the relationship between oxygen and natriuretic peptides is based on human studies. Because hypoxic conditions are more common in aquatic than terrestrial environments, future studies about the possible role of natriuretic peptides in hypoxia, as well as the role of hypoxia in the evolution of natriuretic peptides, including the different subtypes, should increasingly involve also aquatic organisms.

scholarly journals Drosophila glue protects from predation

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1947) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Borne ◽  
Stéphane R. Prigent ◽  
Mathieu Molet ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo
Keyword(s):  
Production Strategies ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Ant Nest

Animals can be permanently attached to a substrate in terrestrial environments at certain stages of their development. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in insects and is thought to maintain the animal in a place where it is not detectable by predators. Here, we investigate whether pupa adhesion in Drosophila can also protect the animal by preventing potential predators from detaching the pupa. We measured the adhesion of Drosophila species sampled from the same area and found that pupa adhesion varies among species, which can be explained by different glue production strategies. Then, we compared attached and manually detached pupae in both field and laboratory assays to investigate the role of pupa adhesion to prevent predation. First, we found that attached pupae remain onsite 30% more than detached pupae in the field after 3 days, probably because they are less predated. Second, we observed that attached pupae are less efficiently predated by ants in the laboratory: they are not carried back to the ant nest and more ants are needed to consume them onsite. Our results show that pupa adhesion can prevent the animal from being taken away by predators and is crucial for Drosophila fly survival.

scholarly journals Organ-specific microbiota enhances the terrestrial lifestyle of a brachyuran crab

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bacci ◽  
Sara Fratini ◽  
Niccolo Meriggi ◽  
Christine L.Y. Cheng ◽  
Ka Hei Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Brachyuran Crab ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Metagenomic Approach ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

The transition to terrestrial environments has occurred repeatedly and at different geological times in arthropods, but almost no information is available about the role of symbiotic microbiota in such process. Here we investigated the associated microbiota of a terrestrial brachyuran crab, Chiromantes haematocheir, using a targeted metagenomic approach. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS sequences were obtained from selected crab organs and environmental matrices to profile microbial communities. We found stable and organ-specific communities of microorganisms associated to the gut and the gills of the crabs, the former involved in the digestion of vascular plant tissues. These communities were mainly composed by prokaryotic organisms and significantly differed from the fungi-dominated ones present in the environment. Our results suggest that the establishment of a specific, stable microbiota may be crucial to drive evolutionary transitions, as colonization of terrestrial environments.

scholarly journals Natural Niche for Organohalide-Respiring Chloroflexi

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Krzmarzick ◽  
Benjamin B. Crary ◽  
Jevon J. Harding ◽  
Oyenike O. Oyerinde ◽  
Alessandra C. Leri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Inorganic Chloride

ABSTRACTThe phylumChloroflexicontains several isolated bacteria that have been found to respire a diverse array of halogenated anthropogenic chemicals. The distribution and role of theseChloroflexiin uncontaminated terrestrial environments, where abundant natural organohalogens could function as potential electron acceptors, have not been studied. Soil samples (116 total, including 6 sectioned cores) from a range of uncontaminated sites were analyzed for the number ofDehalococcoides-likeChloroflexi16S rRNA genes present.Dehalococcoides-likeChloroflexipopulations were detected in all but 13 samples. The concentrations of organochlorine ([organochlorine]), inorganic chloride, and total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained for 67 soil core sections. The number ofDehalococcoides-likeChloroflexi16S rRNA genes positively correlated with [organochlorine]/TOC while the number ofBacteria16S rRNA genes did not.Dehalococcoides-likeChloroflexiwere also observed to increase in number with a concomitant accumulation of chloride when cultured with an enzymatically produced mixture of organochlorines. This research provides evidence that organohalide-respiringChloroflexiare widely distributed as part of uncontaminated terrestrial ecosystems, they are correlated with the fraction of TOC present as organochlorines, and they increase in abundance while dechlorinating organochlorines. These findings suggest that organohalide-respiringChlorofleximay play an integral role in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle.

scholarly journals Thaumarchaea Genome Sequences from a High Arctic Active Layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Wei-Hsin Sun ◽  
Sassan Hajirezaie ◽  
Mackenzie Dooner ◽  
Tatiana A. Vishnivetskaya ◽  
Alice Layton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Canadian High Arctic ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

ABSTRACT The role of archaeal ammonia oxidizers often exceeds that of bacterial ammonia oxidizers in marine and terrestrial environments but has been understudied in permafrost, where thawing has the potential to release ammonia. Here, three thaumarchaea genomes were assembled and annotated from metagenomic data sets from carbon-poor Canadian High Arctic active-layer cryosols.

Ecological role of earthworm intestinal bacteria in terrestrial environments: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 140008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Sun ◽  
Huizhen Chao ◽  
Xiaoxuan Zheng ◽  
Shaopo Deng ◽  
Mao Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

scholarly journals Survival of Salmonella enterica in Freshwater and Sediments and Transmission by the Aquatic Midge Chironomus tentans (Chironomidae: Diptera)

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 4556-4560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry C. Moore ◽  
Edward Martinez ◽  
John M. Gay ◽  
Daniel H. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Chironomus Tentans ◽  
Aquatic Sediments ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Culture Positive

ABSTRACT Survival of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mr-DT-104 in water and sediments was tested using artificially contaminated aquaria. Water samples remained culture positive for salmonella for up to 54 days. Sediment samples were culture positive up to 119 days. In addition, potential mechanisms for spreading salmonella in the environments by chironomid larvae and adults were tested. We evaluated the acquisition of mr-DT-104 by chironomids from contaminated aquatic sediments and subsequent spread to uncontaminated sediments. Larval chironomids raised in contaminated sediments became culture positive, and the bacteria were carried over to adults after emergence. Contamination of clean sediments by chironomid larvae was not demonstrated. These findings clearly suggest that mr-DT-104 serovar organisms can survive in aquatic sediments for at least several months. Uptake of salmonellae by chironomid larvae and adults suggests that they are possible vectors of mr-DT-104 in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, although the role of larval defecation in movement of bacteria to new sediments was not demonstrated.

Pharmaceuticals in Environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 270-296
Author(s):  
Alka Bali
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Practice ◽  
Soil And Water

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) constitute an integral part of modern healthcare systems which enter the environment through various routes. Because of their inherent biological activity, their presence in soil and the aquatic environment poses several eco-toxicological problems. Antibiotic contamination of soil and water bodies is leading to the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and this has been recognized by several global bodies like WHO and EPA. Effective steps need to be taken in this regard including increased awareness, reduced pharmaceutical discharges in environment, green and sustainable pharmaceutical practice by pharmaceutical industry and healthcare professionals and improved remediation/bioremediation methods. This chapter outlines the various anticipated routes of exposure of pharmaceuticals to the environment along with their detrimental effects, fate and degradation in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The chapter also dwells upon the role of various regulatory bodies and plausible measures that may be adopted to alleviate the problem.

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