scholarly journals Drosophila glue protects from predation

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1947) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Borne ◽  
Stéphane R. Prigent ◽  
Mathieu Molet ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo
Keyword(s):  
Production Strategies ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Ant Nest

Animals can be permanently attached to a substrate in terrestrial environments at certain stages of their development. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in insects and is thought to maintain the animal in a place where it is not detectable by predators. Here, we investigate whether pupa adhesion in Drosophila can also protect the animal by preventing potential predators from detaching the pupa. We measured the adhesion of Drosophila species sampled from the same area and found that pupa adhesion varies among species, which can be explained by different glue production strategies. Then, we compared attached and manually detached pupae in both field and laboratory assays to investigate the role of pupa adhesion to prevent predation. First, we found that attached pupae remain onsite 30% more than detached pupae in the field after 3 days, probably because they are less predated. Second, we observed that attached pupae are less efficiently predated by ants in the laboratory: they are not carried back to the ant nest and more ants are needed to consume them onsite. Our results show that pupa adhesion can prevent the animal from being taken away by predators and is crucial for Drosophila fly survival.

scholarly journals Drosophila glue protects from predation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Borne ◽  
Stéphane R. Prigent ◽  
Mathieu Molet ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Ant Nest

AbstractAnimals can be permanently attached to a substrate for several days, weeks or months in aerial environments at certain stages of their development such as eggs and pupae. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in insects and is thought to maintain the animal in a place where it is not detectable by predators. Here, we investigate whether pupa adhesion in Drosophila could also protect the animal by preventing potential predators from detaching the pupa. We measured the adhesion of Drosophila species originating from the same area and found that pupa adhesion varies among species, which can be explained by different glue production strategies. Then, we compared attached and manually detached pupae in both field and laboratory assays to investigate the role of pupa adhesion to prevent predation. First, we found that attached pupae remain on site 30 % more than detached pupae in the field after three days, probably because they are less predated. Second, we observed that attached pupae are less efficiently predated by ants in the laboratory, because they are not carried back to the ant nest and because more ants are needed to consume them onsite. Our results show that pupa adhesion is a crucial mechanical trait for Drosophila fly survival that can prevent the animal from being taken away by predators.

scholarly journals Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Electroactive and Conductive Materials for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4499
Author(s):  
Xiao Hu ◽  
Samuel Ricci ◽  
Sebastian Naranjo ◽  
Zachary Hill ◽  
Peter Gawason
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Material Sciences ◽  
Novel Drug

Electrically responsive biomaterials are an important and emerging technology in the fields of biomedical and material sciences. A great deal of research explores the integral role of electrical conduction in normal and diseased cell biology, and material scientists are focusing an even greater amount of attention on natural and hybrid materials as sources of biomaterials which can mimic the properties of cells. This review establishes a summary of those efforts for the latter group, detailing the current materials, theories, methods, and applications of electrically conductive biomaterials fabricated from protein polymers and polysaccharides. These materials can be used to improve human life through novel drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensing technologies. The immediate goal of this review is to establish fabrication methods for protein and polysaccharide-based materials that are biocompatible and feature modular electrical properties. Ideally, these materials will be inexpensive to make with salable production strategies, in addition to being both renewable and biocompatible.

Natriuretic peptides in hormonal regulation of hypoxia responses

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (2) ◽  
pp. R257-R264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Arjamaa ◽  
Mikko Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
The Relationship

The possibility that natriuretic peptides' effects are important in hypoxia responses of vertebrates is reviewed. Both the transcription and release of natriuretic peptides are affected by oxygen tension. Furthermore, many of the effects observed in hypoxia, such as diuresis and a reduction of plasma volume, are also caused by treatment of the animal with natriuretic peptides. Also, several clinical observations about changes in natriuretic peptide levels in, e.g., sleep apnea and cyanotic congenital heart disease, are consistent with the idea that hypoxia is involved in the etiology of conditions, in which natriuretic peptide levels increase. Virtually all published information on the relationship between oxygen and natriuretic peptides is based on human studies. Because hypoxic conditions are more common in aquatic than terrestrial environments, future studies about the possible role of natriuretic peptides in hypoxia, as well as the role of hypoxia in the evolution of natriuretic peptides, including the different subtypes, should increasingly involve also aquatic organisms.

scholarly journals Determinants of the Acceptance of Sustainable Production Strategies in Conventional and Organic Dairying in Europe: An Empirical Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Naspetti ◽  
Serena Mandolesi ◽  
Jeroen Buysse ◽  
Terhi Latvala ◽  
Philippa Nicholas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The goal of the study was to assess the farmers’ acceptance of three sustainable production strategies, namely ‘Agro-forestry’, ‘Alternative protein source’ and ‘Prolonged maternal feeding’. Data on the acceptance of these strategies were collected by a survey of dairy farmers in six EU countries (AT, BE, DK, FI, IT, UK). An extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was applied by means of Structural Equation Modelling to testing various hypotheses on attitudes and intentions of dairy farmers towards these novel production strategies, as well as the influence of organic practices and collaborative behaviours along the supply chain. We found that the most preferred strategy - across all countries - was soy substitution by alternative protein sources. We also found that the intention to adopt a sustainable production strategy may derive from the influence of opinions (and behaviours) of relevant others, showing the role of interactions among farmers and other stakeholders in the adoption of innovations. Finally, the perceived usefulness of all investigated strategies is higher for organic farmers, while collaborative patterns reduce the impact of subjective norm on usefulness and overall acceptance. Our findings should encourage policy makers to consider the important role of supply chain management practices, including collaboration, to enhance the sustainability of dairy farming systems.

scholarly journals Organ-specific microbiota enhances the terrestrial lifestyle of a brachyuran crab

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Bacci ◽  
Sara Fratini ◽  
Niccolo Meriggi ◽  
Christine L.Y. Cheng ◽  
Ka Hei Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Brachyuran Crab ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Metagenomic Approach ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota

The transition to terrestrial environments has occurred repeatedly and at different geological times in arthropods, but almost no information is available about the role of symbiotic microbiota in such process. Here we investigated the associated microbiota of a terrestrial brachyuran crab, Chiromantes haematocheir, using a targeted metagenomic approach. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS sequences were obtained from selected crab organs and environmental matrices to profile microbial communities. We found stable and organ-specific communities of microorganisms associated to the gut and the gills of the crabs, the former involved in the digestion of vascular plant tissues. These communities were mainly composed by prokaryotic organisms and significantly differed from the fungi-dominated ones present in the environment. Our results suggest that the establishment of a specific, stable microbiota may be crucial to drive evolutionary transitions, as colonization of terrestrial environments.

scholarly journals Natural Niche for Organohalide-Respiring Chloroflexi

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Krzmarzick ◽  
Benjamin B. Crary ◽  
Jevon J. Harding ◽  
Oyenike O. Oyerinde ◽  
Alessandra C. Leri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Inorganic Chloride

ABSTRACTThe phylumChloroflexicontains several isolated bacteria that have been found to respire a diverse array of halogenated anthropogenic chemicals. The distribution and role of theseChloroflexiin uncontaminated terrestrial environments, where abundant natural organohalogens could function as potential electron acceptors, have not been studied. Soil samples (116 total, including 6 sectioned cores) from a range of uncontaminated sites were analyzed for the number ofDehalococcoides-likeChloroflexi16S rRNA genes present.Dehalococcoides-likeChloroflexipopulations were detected in all but 13 samples. The concentrations of organochlorine ([organochlorine]), inorganic chloride, and total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained for 67 soil core sections. The number ofDehalococcoides-likeChloroflexi16S rRNA genes positively correlated with [organochlorine]/TOC while the number ofBacteria16S rRNA genes did not.Dehalococcoides-likeChloroflexiwere also observed to increase in number with a concomitant accumulation of chloride when cultured with an enzymatically produced mixture of organochlorines. This research provides evidence that organohalide-respiringChloroflexiare widely distributed as part of uncontaminated terrestrial ecosystems, they are correlated with the fraction of TOC present as organochlorines, and they increase in abundance while dechlorinating organochlorines. These findings suggest that organohalide-respiringChlorofleximay play an integral role in the biogeochemical chlorine cycle.

scholarly journals Thaumarchaea Genome Sequences from a High Arctic Active Layer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Wei-Hsin Sun ◽  
Sassan Hajirezaie ◽  
Mackenzie Dooner ◽  
Tatiana A. Vishnivetskaya ◽  
Alice Layton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizers ◽  
Canadian High Arctic ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

ABSTRACT The role of archaeal ammonia oxidizers often exceeds that of bacterial ammonia oxidizers in marine and terrestrial environments but has been understudied in permafrost, where thawing has the potential to release ammonia. Here, three thaumarchaea genomes were assembled and annotated from metagenomic data sets from carbon-poor Canadian High Arctic active-layer cryosols.

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