scholarly journals Laboratory evaluation of caricaceae plant as a locally sourced surfactant for gas hydrate inhibition in a laboratory mini flow loop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virtue Urunwo Elechi ◽  
Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama ◽  
Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta ◽  
Okon Efiong Okon
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Plant Family ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe oil and gas business is serious business and involves millions of dollars so whatever mitigates flow assurance is taken seriously. One of such things is natural gas hydrates. Hydrates are crystalline solids formed when water under low temperatures and high pressures encapsulated natural gases (C1–C4). They form blockages and impede the flow of gas which can lead to the loss of millions of dollars and at times lead to personnel death. Mitigation of gas hydrates has always been with chemicals especially for areas like deep offshore where accessibility is difficult. The chemicals that are in use currently are generally synthetic, expensive and hazardous to lives and environment hence the need for readily available locally sourced materials that are eco-friendly. This study considers and screens a locally sourced surfactant from the plant family caricaceae’ Extract (CE) as a gas hydrate inhibitor in a locally fabricated 39.4-inch mini flow loop of ½ inch internal diameter (ID) which mimics the offshore environment. Various pressure plots (pressure versus time, initial and final pressure versus time and change in pressure versus time) show that the CE performed better than MEG with percentage volumes of gas left in the system for 0.01–0.05 wt% of the extract having values that ranged from 76.7 to 87.33, while volume left for MEG ranged between 70 and 74.67% (1–5 wt%). The CE performed better in small doses compared to those of MEG, in all weight percentages of study. Furthermore, the inhibition capacities which show the level of performance of the inhibitors was also used as a measure of inhibition for both inhibitors. The CE inhibited systems had values of 69.3, 80.7, 78.07, 79.82, and 83.3%, while that of the MEG inhibited system was 60.53, 55.26, 73.68, 72.81, and 66.67% for the various weight percentages considered. The CE should be developed as gas hydrate inhibitors due to its effectiveness and eco-friendliness.

scholarly journals Mitigation capacity of an eco-friendly locally sourced surfactant for gas hydrate inhibition in an offshore environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1797-1808
Author(s):  
Virtue Urunwo Elechi ◽  
Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama ◽  
Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta ◽  
Okon Efiong Okon
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Better Than

AbstractGas hydrate inhibition is very key and has become more sensitive as oil and gas exploration goes into deeper terrains especially deep offshore as a result of technological advancement. Use of chemicals has been the most efficient and cost effective in these areas. These chemicals add to the cost of doing oil and gas business and also cause harm to the environment; hence, research has been going on for more eco-friendly and cost-efficient inhibitors. This study takes a look at a locally sourced surfactant as one of such inhibitors. Varying weight percentages of the LSS were screened in a locally fabricated laboratory mini flow loop of 39.4 m with an internal diameter of 0.5 inch mounted on an external frame work. The various pressure plots (pressure vs. time, change in pressure vs. time, initial and final pressures vs. time) show that the LSS used in very small percentages performed better than the synthetic inhibitor methanol (MeOH) used in higher weight percentage than the LSS. The final pressures for MeOH for 1–5 wt% were 104, 111, 123, 120 and 123 psi while those of the LSS were 115, 128, 125, 127 and 131 psi, respectively, for 0.01–0.05 wt%, respectively. This means that the system with LSS had more stable pressure values than those of MeOH. Similarly, the change in pressure at the end of 120 min for MeOH was 46, 39, 27, 30 and 27 psi against 35, 22, 25, 23 and 19 psi for LSS. This was an indication that more gas was used up in the system with MeOH than in the system with LSS. The mitigation capacity of the LSS in percentage was calculated to be 69.30, 80.71, 78.07, 79.82 and 83.3% for 0.01–0.05 wt% while MeOH had values of 59.65, 65.79, 76.32, 73.68 and 76.32% for 1–5 wt%, respectively. This showed that the LSS inhibited hydrates better than MeOH in all the weight percentages considered. There is need to harness and develop the LSS for gas hydrate mitigation because it performed better than MeOH which is a known toxicant to man, terrestrial and aquatic habitat.

Zingiberales Extract ZE: A Locally Sourced Natural Compound as Gas Hydrate Inhibitor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virtue Urunwo Elechi ◽  
Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama ◽  
Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta ◽  
Okon Efiong Okon
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Natural Compound ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
A Value ◽  
Toxic Alcohol ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Gas hydrates are impediments to flow of gas and oil and its avoidance and mitigation is key to oil and gas operators. Mitigation via chemical controls is more suitable for marine environments. The effectiveness of 2wt% of an extract from the plant order, Zingiberales has been compared to that of Mono-Ethylene Glycol in a simulated offshore laboratory mini flow loop of 0.5-inch ID. The results from final pressure shows the value of ZE to be 107 psi while that of the MEG was 99 psi. The ∆P for ZE was 43 psi while that of MEG was 51 psi. The difference in ∆P was 8psi more than that of MEG. The Inhibition Capacity (%) values showed ZE to have performed better with a value of 62.28% while that of MEG was 55.26%. ZE had an Inhibition Capacity that was 7.02% more than that of MEG which is mostly imported and is termed a toxic alcohol, meaning that it is both human and environmentally hazardous. ZE therefore should be considered for development as a gas hydrate inhibitor.

Investigating the dynamics of gas hydrates in a gas dominant flow loop

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Yutaek Seo ◽  
Mauricio Di Lorenzo ◽  
Gerardo Sanchez-Soto
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Transient Flow ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Condition ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Offshore Pipelines

Offshore pipelines transporting hydrocarbon fluids have to be operated with great care to avoid problems related to flow assurance. Of these possible problems, gas hydrate is dreaded as it poses the greatest risk of plugging offshore pipelines and other production systems. As the search for oil and natural gas goes into deeper and colder offshore fields, the strategies for gas hydrate mitigation are evolving to the management of hydrate risks rather than costly complete prevention. CSIRO has been developing technologies that will facilitate the production of Australian deepwater gas reserves. One of its research programs is a recently commissioned investigation into the dynamic behaviour of gas hydrates in gas pipelines using a pilot-scale 1 inch and 40 m long flow loop. This work will provide experimental results conducted in the flow loop, designed to investigate the hydrate formation characteristics in steady state and transient flow. For a given hydrodynamic condition in steady state flow, the formation and subsequent agglomeration and deposition of hydrate particles appear to occur more severely as the subcooling condition is increasing. Transient flow during a shut-in and restart operation represents a more complex scenario for hydrate formation. Although hydrates develop as a thin layer on the surface of water during the shut-in period, most of the water is quickly converted to hydrate upon restart, forming hydrate laden slurry that is transported through the pipeline by the gas flow. These results could provide valuable insights into the present operation of offshore gas pipelines.

scholarly journals Identification of gas hydrate on bottom-simulating reflector characteristics with 2D seismic pre-stack time migration of North Bali Waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 944 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
I A Sufajar ◽  
H M Manik ◽  
T B Nainggolan ◽  
D Kusnida
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Bottom Simulating Reflector ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Exploration And Production

Abstract Gas hydrate is a physical compound composed of gas molecules that are formed in a seabed layer characterised by high pressure and low temperature. It is known as one of the alternative non-conventional hydrocarbons besides petroleum and natural gas. One of the identified areas of gas hydrate stability zone is in the North Bali Waters. The North Bali Waters is part of the North East Java Basin, which has oil and gas exploration and production, both conventional and non-conventional. One method of identifying the content of gas hydrates is by looking at the appearance of the Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) as shown on the Pre-Stack Time Migrated seismic sections. The detection of gas hydrate zone is determined by the presence of high amplitude, reversed polarity reflection and cross-cut reflection of sedimentary layer. This study aims to determine the existence of a BSR in the waters of North Bali. The procedures for analysing the existence of Bottom Simulating Reflector in this study are pre-processing, processing, and interpretation of 2D marine seismic data. The result shows gas hydrates found with indicated Bottom Simulating Reflector on CDP 35-812 at TWT depth of 1526-1582 ms, characterised by high amplitude-reverse polarity.

Suppression Performance of an Unmodified Bio-Extract for Simulated Offshore Gas Hydrate Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virtue Urunwo Wachikwu-Elechi ◽  
Sunday Sunday Ikiensikimama ◽  
Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Emmanuel Akaranta ◽  
Okon Efiong Okon
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Gas hydrate inhibition through the use of chemicals has been ongoing over the years and these chemicals are toxic, synthetic and expensive, adding to the cost of doing oil and gas business, and also leads to environmental degradation. The call for greener environment has necessitated the search for more eco-friendly gas hydrate inhibitors. This paper takes a look at the use of a bio-extract in its unmodified state to inhibit gas hydrate using a locally made mini flow loop for gas hydrate studies. The bio extract was compared to a conventional gas hydrate inhibitor 2-Di(methylaminoethyl)methacrylate (2-DMAEM). For all the weight percentages considered (0.01-0.05wt%), the bio-extract had better pressure profiles. At the end of the experiment which lasted for 120 minutes, this is attributed to the fact that the pressures in the system were more regulated which prevented rapid gas dissolution in water. The Bio-extract is plant based, locally available in the commercial quantity and is eco-friendly so it should be harnessed as gas hydrate inhibitors in lieu of the expensive and imported conventional hydrate inhibitor 2-DMAEM which non-eco-friendly.

Modeling of Gas Hydrate Formation in a High Pressure Reactor

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Mandal ◽  
Sukumar Laik
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
System A ◽  
Gas Hydrate Formation ◽  
Simple Kinetic Model ◽  
Geometric Variables ◽  
Order Rate Equation

Gas hydrates are now gaining importance in oil and gas industries because they are considered a future source of energy and a means for the transport of natural gas. On the other hand gas hydrates create problems by plugging the pipelines during transportation. Obviously, predicting the conditions in which hydrates are formed would be valuable. In the present study, experiments were performed to observe the conditions, which favor the formation of an ethane gas hydrate. The results of the hydrate formation are elucidated with the help of a conceptual kinetic model. An empirical correlation is developed to predict the rate of formation of the hydrate in terms of the operating and geometric variables of the system. A simple kinetic model based on the dissolved ethane gas is also developed which shows that the hydrate formation follows the first order rate equation.

scholarly journals GAS HYDRATES – HISTORY OF DISCOVERY

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
S. V. Goshovskyi ◽  
Oleksii Zurian
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gas Hydrate Deposits ◽  
Earth's Crust ◽  
Research Institute

The literature sources dealing with the history of gas hydrate studies and discovery of possible existence of gas hydrate deposits in natural conditions were analyzed. They contain facts proving that within 1966 and 1969 the conditions for formation of hydrates in porous medium were researched at the Department of Gas and Gas Condensate Deposits Development and Exploitation of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas. The first experiments were set up by the Ukraine-born Yurij F. Makogon, Department Assistant Professor. The results proved possibility of formation and stable existence of gas hydrates in earth’s crust and became a scientific substantiation of natural gas hydrate deposits discovery. In 1969 the exploitation of Messoyakha deposits in Siberia started and it was the first time when the natural gas was derived directly from hydrates. The same year that invention was officially recognized and registered. Following the comprehensive international expert examination the State Committee on Inventions and Findings of the USSR Council of Ministers assumed that the citizens of the USSR Yurij F. Makogon, Andrej A. Trofimuk, Nikolaj V. Cherskij and Viktor G. Vasilev made a discovery described as follows: “Experiments proved previously unknown ability of natural gas to form deposits in the earth’s crust in solid gas hydrate state under definite thermodynamic conditions (Request dated March 19, 1969)”. The authors were presented with diplomas on March 4, 1971. From then onwards the issue of natural gas hydrates existence was widely researched all around the world. In 1985 Yurij F. Makogon became a Professor. Since 1973 he was a head of the gas hydrate laboratory in the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies. Within 1974–1987 he was a head of the gas hydrate laboratory in Oil and Gas Research Institute RAS. In 1992 he was invited by one of the largest universities of the USA to arrange modern laboratory for gas hydrate study. The laboratory was created in the Texas University, USA and in 1995 Yurij Makogon became its head. As far as interest in gas hydrates increases Yurij F. Makogon reports at 27 international congresses and conferences, gives lectures in 45 world leading universities, functions as an academic adviser and participates in different international programs on research and exploitation of gas hydrate deposits in USA, Japan and India. The heritage of the scientist includes 27 patents, eight monographs (four of them were translated and published in the USA and Canada) and more than 270 scientific articles.

scholarly journals The features of methane genesis of the gas hydrates in the Far Eastern Seas

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
М.В. ШАКИРОВА ◽  
Н.Л. СОКОЛОВА ◽  
Е.В. МАЛЬЦЕВА ◽  
Ю.А. ТЕЛЕГИН ◽  
А.О. ХОЛМОГОРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Methane Cycle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
Geochemical Zoning

Метан является одним из важных представителей органических веществ в воздушной оболочке Земли. Помимо усиления парникового эффекта увеличение содержания метана в атмосфере может влиять на сокращение концентрации озона в ней, а роль озонового слоя в жизни планеты важна. Одним из важнейших звеньев цикла метана и сопутствующих его потокам других газов являются газовые гидраты. Отношения стабильных изотопов углерода (δ13C) метана и его гомологов – объективные характеристики гидратообразующих газов и связанных с ними газогеохимических полей. Важнейшее значение в оценке изотопных эффектов природных соединений имеет масс-балансное соотношение генетически разнородных соединений. Вопрос масс-балансного эффекта в формировании газогеохимических полей и газогидратов рассмотрен в рамках данной работы. В статье показано, что газогидратоносность Охотского и Японского морей следует рассматривать как проявление газогеохимического зонирования миграции углеводородных газов от их термогенных источников, предопределенных наличием нефтегазоматеринского вещества, тектоническим фактором и сейсмической активностью в регионе. В отдельных случаях вулканическая активность также способна влиять на газовый состав газогидратоносных осадков и газогидратов. Газогидратоносность окраинных морей в целом обусловлена потоками миграционных и микробных газов, которые концентрируются в зонах пересечений разломов на бортах тектонических прогибов. Признаки термогенных флюидов и многоярусное залегание газогидратов указывают на их возобновляемость и возможность использования как важных индикаторов цикла метана и углерода. Основными источниками миграционных углеводородных газов являются нефтегазоносные и угленосные толщи, в зонах проницаемости существует вклад глубинных компонентов. Methane is one of the important representatives of the organic substances in the atmosphere. In addition to enhancing the greenhouse effect, an increase in methane content in the atmosphere can affect the decrease in the ozone concentration in it, and the role of the ozone layer in the life of the planet is important. Gas hydrates are among the most important links in the methane cycle and the accompanying flows of other gases. The ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of methane and its homologues are the objective characteristics of hydrate-forming gases and associated gasgeochemical fields. The mass balance ratio of genetically dissimilar compounds is an importance in assessing the isotope effects of natural compounds. The issue of the mass balance effect in the formation of gasgeochemical fields and gas hydrates is considered within the framework of this paper. It is shown that gas hydrate content in the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan should be considered as a manifestation of gas-geochemical zoning of hydrocarbon gases migration from their thermogenic sources based on a source substance, the tectonic factor and seismic activity in the region. In some cases, volcanic activity can also affect the gas composition of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments and gas hydrates. The gas-hydrate content of marginal seas is generally determined by the flows of migration and microbial gases, which are concentrated in the zones of intersections of faults on the sides of tectonic deflections. Signs of thermogenic fluids and multi-level occurrence of gas hydrates indicate that they are renewable and can be used as important indicators of the methane and carbon cycle. The main sources of migration of hydrocarbon gases are oil and gas-bearing and coal-bearing strata, and in the zones of permeability there is a contribution of deep components.

Investigation of Drilling Problems in Gas Hydrate Formations

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin Teodoriu ◽  
Gioia Falcone ◽  
Amodu Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Gas Hydrate Formation

Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline systems made of water and methane that are stable under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Gas hydrates have been identified as strategic resources and may surpass all known oil and gas reserves combined. However, these resources will become reserves only if the gas contained therein can be produced economically. In the oil and gas industry, gas hydrates may be encountered while drilling sediments of the subsea continental slopes and in the subsurface of permafrost regions. They also represent a flow assurance issue, as they may form in the well and in the flowlines, causing blockages. Deepwater drilling programmes have experienced problems when encountering gas hydrate formations. A major issue is that of phase transition, where gas hydrate goes from a solid state to dissociated gas and water, as there are rapid changes in fluid volumes and pressure. This can cause drilling equipment failure, borehole instability and formation collapse. After dissociation of water and gas, hydrates may be prevented from forming in the well by using appropriate inhibitors in the drilling mud. There is a need to develop fluids specifically for drilling through gas hydrate formations, either to unlock the unconventional reserves trapped in the crystalline gas hydrate structures or to safely reach underlying conventional reserves. To drill wells in a gas hydrate formation, a conductor casing is needed to allow close loop circulation of the mud, if different from seawater. The search for the ideal mud for drilling through gas hydrate formations must start with a review of past experiences worldwide and of the lessons learned. This paper presents a review of the problems encountered while drilling through gas hydrate formations. It identifies the key requirements for drilling fluids, based on the interaction between the drill bit, the drilling fluid and the formation. An evaluation of the environmental risk associated with drilling through gas hydrate formations is also presented.

Gas hydrates: past and future geohazard?

2010 ◽  
Vol 368 (1919) ◽  
pp. 2369-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Maslin ◽  
Matthew Owen ◽  
Richard Betts ◽  
Simon Day ◽  
Tom Dunkley Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
Methane Gas

Gas hydrates are ice-like deposits containing a mixture of water and gas; the most common gas is methane. Gas hydrates are stable under high pressures and relatively low temperatures and are found underneath the oceans and in permafrost regions. Estimates range from 500 to 10 000 giga tonnes of carbon (best current estimate 1600–2000 GtC) stored in ocean sediments and 400 GtC in Arctic permafrost. Gas hydrates may pose a serious geohazard in the near future owing to the adverse effects of global warming on the stability of gas hydrate deposits both in ocean sediments and in permafrost. It is still unknown whether future ocean warming could lead to significant methane release, as thermal penetration of marine sediments to the clathrate–gas interface could be slow enough to allow a new equilibrium to occur without any gas escaping. Even if methane gas does escape, it is still unclear how much of this could be oxidized in the overlying ocean. Models of the global inventory of hydrates and trapped methane bubbles suggest that a global 3 ° C warming could release between 35 and 940 GtC, which could add up to an additional 0.5 ° C to global warming. The destabilization of gas hydrate reserves in permafrost areas is more certain as climate models predict that high-latitude regions will be disproportionately affected by global warming with temperature increases of over 12 ° C predicted for much of North America and Northern Asia. Our current estimates of gas hydrate storage in the Arctic region are, however, extremely poor and non-existent for Antarctica. The shrinking of both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in response to regional warming may also lead to destabilization of gas hydrates. As ice sheets shrink, the weight removed allows the coastal region and adjacent continental slope to rise through isostacy. This removal of hydrostatic pressure could destabilize gas hydrates, leading to massive slope failure, and may increase the risk of tsunamis.

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