Regulation of epigenetic processes by non-coding RNAs

The Nucleus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Morgan Heyt ◽  
Jitendra Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

scholarly journals Epigenomic regulation of heart failure: integrating histone marks, long noncoding RNAs, and chromatin architecture

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. McKinsey ◽  
Thomas M. Vondriska ◽  
Yibin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenomic Regulation ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Epigenetic processes are known to have powerful roles in organ development across biology. It has recently been found that some of the chromatin modulatory machinery essential for proper development plays a previously unappreciated role in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease in adults. Investigations using genetic and pharmacologic gain- and loss-of-function approaches have interrogated the function of distinct epigenetic regulators, while the increased deployment of the suite of next-generation sequencing technologies have fundamentally altered our understanding of the genomic targets of these chromatin modifiers. Here, we review recent developments in basic and translational research that have provided tantalizing clues that may be used to unlock the therapeutic potential of the epigenome in heart failure. Additionally, we provide a hypothesis to explain how signal-induced crosstalk between histone tail modifications and long non-coding RNAs triggers chromatin architectural remodeling and culminates in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.

Epigenetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Edward Hookway ◽  
Nicholas Athanasou ◽  
Udo Oppermann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Epigenetics is a term that refers to a collection of diverse mechanisms that are important in both the control of gene expression and the transmission of this information during cell division. Epigenetic processes are deranged in many cancers, leading to a combination of inappropriate silencing of tumour suppressor genes and overexpression of oncogenes. In this chapter, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the major epigenetic processes of DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs will be described in both their normal physiological roles and in the context of cancer. The challenge of understanding the complexity of the interactions between different epigenetic mechanisms and the limitations of our current knowledge will be highlighted. Therapeutic approaches towards targeting deranged epigenetic processes will also be described, such as the use of small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Muraca ◽  
Alfredo Cappariello
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex phospholipidic structures actively released by cells. EVs are recognized as powerful means of intercellular communication since they contain many signaling molecules (including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). In parallel, changes in epigenetic processes can lead to changes in gene function and finally lead to disease onset and progression. Recent breakthroughs have revealed the complex roles of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)) in epigenetic regulation. Moreover, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that non-coding RNAs can be shuttled among the cells and tissues via EVs, allowing non-coding RNAs to reach distant cells and exert systemic effects. Resident bone cells, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and endothelial cells, are tightly regulated by non-coding RNAs, and many of them can be exported from the cells to neighboring ones through EVs, triggering pathological conditions. For these reasons, researchers have also started to exploit EVs as a theranostic tool to address osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize some recent findings regarding the EVs’ involvement in the fine regulation of non-coding RNAs in the context of bone metabolism and osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Fluorogenic EXO-Probe Aptamers for Imaging and Tracking Exosomal RNAs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E Bonacquisti ◽  
Scott W Ferguson ◽  
Natalie E Jasiewicz ◽  
Jinli Wang ◽  
Adam D Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Fusion Construct ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Exosomal Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), or exosomes, play important roles in physiological and pathological cellular communication. sEVs contain both short and long non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and epigenetic processes. Studying the intricacies of sEV function and RNA-based communication requires tools capable of labeling sEV RNA. Here we developed a novel genetically encodable reporter system for tracking sEV RNAs comprising an sEV-loading RNA sequence, termed the EXO-Code, fused to a fluorogenic RNA Mango aptamer for RNA imaging. This fusion construct allowed the visualization and tracking of RNA puncta and colocalization with markers of multivesicular bodies; imaging RNA puncta within sEVs; and quantification of sEVs. This technology represents a useful and versatile tool to interrogate the role of sEVs in cellular communication via RNA trafficking to sEVs, cellular sorting decisions, and sEV RNA cargo transfer to recipient cells.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding neuropathic pain: glia, sex differences, and epigenetics

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Machelska ◽  
Melih Ö. Celik
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Neuropathic pain results from diseases or trauma affecting the nervous system. This pain can be devastating and is poorly controlled. The pathophysiology is complex, and it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms in order to identify the relevant targets for therapeutic intervention. In this article, we focus on the recent research investigating neuro-immune communication and epigenetic processes, which gain particular attention in the context of neuropathic pain. Specifically, we analyze the role of glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, in the modulation of the central nervous system inflammation triggered by neuropathy. Considering epigenetics, we address DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the non-coding RNAs in the regulation of ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, and transmitters following neuronal damage. The goal was not only to highlight the emerging concepts but also to discuss controversies, methodological complications, and intriguing opinions.

Maternal diet as a modifier of offspring epigenetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Lillycrop ◽  
G. C. Burdge
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Substantial Body ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

There has been a substantial body of evidence, which has shown that genetic variation is an important determinant of disease risk. However, there is now increasing evidence that alterations in epigenetic processes also play a role in determining susceptibility to disease. Epigenetic processes, which include DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs play a central role in regulating gene expression, determining when and where a gene is expressed as well as the level of gene expression. The epigenome is highly sensitive to a variety of environmental factors, especially in early life. One factor that has been shown consistently to alter the epigenome is maternal diet. This review will focus on how maternal diet can modify the epigenome of the offspring, producing different phenotypes and altered disease susceptibilities.

scholarly journals Epigenetic processes in the male germline

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. O'Doherty ◽  
Paul A. McGettigan
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Dna Packaging ◽  
Sperm Chromatin ◽  
Germline Development ◽  
Paternal Genome ◽  
Male Germline ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Sperm undergo some of the most extensive chromatin modifications seen in mammalian biology. During male germline development, paternal DNA methylation marks are erased and established on a global scale through waves of demethylation and de novo methylation. As spermatogenesis progresses, the majority of the histones are removed and replaced by protamines, enabling a tighter packaging of the DNA and transcriptional shutdown. Following fertilisation, the paternal genome is rapidly reactivated, actively demethylated, the protamines are replaced with histones and the embryonic genome is activated. The development of new assays, made possible by high-throughput sequencing technology, has resulted in the revisiting of what was considered settled science regarding the state of DNA packaging in mammalian spermatozoa. Researchers have discovered that not all histones are replaced by protamines and, in certain experiments, various species of RNA have been detected in what was previously considered transcriptionally quiescent spermatozoa. Most controversially, several groups have suggested that environmental modifications of the epigenetic state of spermatozoa may operate as a non-DNA-based form of inheritance, a process known as ‘transgenerational epigenetic inheritance’. Other developments in the field include the increased focus on the involvement of short RNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and piwi-interacting RNAs. There has also been an accumulation of evidence illustrating associations between defects in sperm DNA packaging and disease and fertility. In this paper we review the literature, recent findings and areas of controversy associated with epigenetic processes in the male germline, focusing on DNA methylation dynamics, non-coding RNAs, the biology of sperm chromatin packaging and transgenerational inheritance.

Long Non-Coding RNAs Are Commonly Deregulated in Hodgkin Lymphoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 226 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
A van den Berg ◽  
M Tayari ◽  
G Kortman ◽  
J Sietzema ◽  
D de Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Non Coding Rnas
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