scholarly journals Fluorogenic EXO-Probe Aptamers for Imaging and Tracking Exosomal RNAs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E Bonacquisti ◽  
Scott W Ferguson ◽  
Natalie E Jasiewicz ◽  
Jinli Wang ◽  
Adam D Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Fusion Construct ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Exosomal Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), or exosomes, play important roles in physiological and pathological cellular communication. sEVs contain both short and long non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and epigenetic processes. Studying the intricacies of sEV function and RNA-based communication requires tools capable of labeling sEV RNA. Here we developed a novel genetically encodable reporter system for tracking sEV RNAs comprising an sEV-loading RNA sequence, termed the EXO-Code, fused to a fluorogenic RNA Mango aptamer for RNA imaging. This fusion construct allowed the visualization and tracking of RNA puncta and colocalization with markers of multivesicular bodies; imaging RNA puncta within sEVs; and quantification of sEVs. This technology represents a useful and versatile tool to interrogate the role of sEVs in cellular communication via RNA trafficking to sEVs, cellular sorting decisions, and sEV RNA cargo transfer to recipient cells.

Biopsychosocial pathways to mental health and disease across the lifespan: The emerging role of epigenetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-206
Author(s):  
Charlotte A.M. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Regulate Gene ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model of psychiatry has had a major impact on our modern conceptualization of mental illness as a complex, multi-determined phenomenon. Yet, interdisciplinary BPS work remains the exception, rather than the rule in psychiatry. It has been suggested that this may stem in part from a failure of the BPS model to clearly delineate the mechanisms through which biological, psychological, and social factors co-act in the development of mental illness. This chapter discusses how epigenetic processes that regulate gene expression, such as DNA methylation, are fast emerging as a candidate mechanism for BPS interactions, with potentially widespread implications for the way that psychiatric disorders are understood, assessed, and, perhaps in future, even treated.

scholarly journals The Osteoporosis/Microbiota Linkage: The Role of miRNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo De Martinis ◽  
Lia Ginaldi ◽  
Alessandro Allegra ◽  
Maria Maddalena Sirufo ◽  
Giovanni Pioggia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Osteoporosis Prevention ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Biotechnology ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complementary Mechanism

Hundreds of trillions of bacteria are present in the human body in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the host. A stable dynamic equilibrium exists in healthy individuals between the microbiota, host organism, and environment. Imbalances of the intestinal microbiota contribute to the determinism of various diseases. Recent research suggests that the microbiota is also involved in the regulation of the bone metabolism, and its alteration may induce osteoporosis. Due to modern molecular biotechnology, various mechanisms regulating the relationship between bone and microbiota are emerging. Understanding the role of microbiota imbalances in the development of osteoporosis is essential for the development of potential osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies through microbiota targeting. A relevant complementary mechanism could be also constituted by the permanent relationships occurring between microbiota and microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a set of small non-coding RNAs able to regulate gene expression. In this review, we recapitulate the physiological and pathological meanings of the microbiota on osteoporosis onset by governing miRNA production. An improved comprehension of the relations between microbiota and miRNAs could furnish novel markers for the identification and monitoring of osteoporosis, and this appears to be an encouraging method for antagomir-guided tactics as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Muraca ◽  
Alfredo Cappariello
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex phospholipidic structures actively released by cells. EVs are recognized as powerful means of intercellular communication since they contain many signaling molecules (including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). In parallel, changes in epigenetic processes can lead to changes in gene function and finally lead to disease onset and progression. Recent breakthroughs have revealed the complex roles of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)) in epigenetic regulation. Moreover, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that non-coding RNAs can be shuttled among the cells and tissues via EVs, allowing non-coding RNAs to reach distant cells and exert systemic effects. Resident bone cells, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and endothelial cells, are tightly regulated by non-coding RNAs, and many of them can be exported from the cells to neighboring ones through EVs, triggering pathological conditions. For these reasons, researchers have also started to exploit EVs as a theranostic tool to address osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize some recent findings regarding the EVs’ involvement in the fine regulation of non-coding RNAs in the context of bone metabolism and osteoporosis.

The Role of miR-210 in the Biological System: A Current Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
Xu Hui ◽  
Hisham Al-Ward ◽  
Fahmi Shaher ◽  
Chun-Yang Liu ◽  
Ning Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
System A ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
A Current

<b><i>Background:</i></b> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a group of non-coding RNAs measuring 19–23 nucleotides in length and are recognized as powerful molecules that regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells. miRNAs stimulate the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via direct or indirect mechanisms. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> miR-210 is highly upregulated in cells under hypoxia, thereby revealing its significance to cell endurance. Induction of this mRNA expression is an important feature of the cellular low-oxygen response and the most consistent and vigorous target of HIF. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> miR-210 is involved in many cellular functions under the effect of HIF-1α, including the cell cycle, DNA repair, immunity and inflammation, angiogenesis, metabolism, and macrophage regulation. It also plays an important regulatory role in T-cell differentiation and stimulation.

scholarly journals MiR-147: Functions and Implications in Inflammation and Diseases

MicroRNA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lin ◽  
Kebin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene

: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs (19~25 nucleotides) that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level through repression of mRNA translation or mRNA decay. miR-147, which was initially discovered in mouse spleen and macrophages, has been shown to correlate with coronary atherogenesis and inflammatory bowel disease and modulate macrophage functions and inflammation through TLR-4. The altered miR-147 level has been shown in various human diseases, including infectious disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, etc. This review will focus on the current understanding regarding the role of miR-147 in inflammation and diseases.

scholarly journals Manifestly Altered MicroRNAs in Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Mahta Moraghebi ◽  
Milad Rafat ◽  
Pegah Mousavi ◽  
Kianoosh Malekzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Mirna Expression Profile ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of small non-coding RNAs which regulate gene expression at the surface following transcription. They are widely involved in many physiological and pathological processes including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is an endocrine disorder in women. Currently, there is no comprehensive information about the role of miRNAs in PCOS. Thus, this paper has attempted to collate studies on miRNAs in order to determine important changes in their miRNA expression profile in the total blood, serum, plasma, follicular fluid, and granulosa cells in PCOS patients alongside the genes which are targeted for regulation by these miRNAs. This study presents a new approach for using miRNAs and their target genes for diagnosing and treating PCOS.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cachexia

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana M. O. Santos ◽  
Sara Peixoto da Silva ◽  
Rui M. Gil da Costa ◽  
Rui Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Clinical Potential

Cancer cachexia or wasting is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and an involuntary loss of body mass that cannot be reversed by normal nutritional support. This syndrome affects 50%–80% of cancer patients, depending on the tumor type and patient characteristics, and it is responsible for up to 20% of cancer deaths. MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with 19 to 24 nucleotides in length of which the function is to regulate gene expression. In the last years, microRNAs and other ncRNAs have been demonstrated to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several diseases and clinical potential. Recently, ncRNAs have begun to be associated with cancer cachexia by modulating essential functions like the turnover of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Additionally, circulating microRNAs have been suggested as potential biomarkers for patients at risk of developing cancer cachexia. In this review article, we present recent data concerning the role of microRNAs and other ncRNAs in cancer cachexia pathogenesis and their possible clinical relevance.

scholarly journals miR-8b is involved in brain and eye regeneration of Dugesia japonica in head regeneration

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjin Liu ◽  
Qian Song ◽  
Hui Zhen ◽  
Hongkuan Deng ◽  
Bosheng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Planarian Regeneration ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Dugesia Japonica ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Head Regeneration

ABSTRACT MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the translation level in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. In addition, some types of miRNAs have been proven to be key modulators of both CNS development and plasticity, such as let-7, miR-9 and miR-124. In this research, we found miR-8b acts as an important regulator involved in brain and eyespot regeneration in Dugesia japonica. miR-8b was highly conserved among species and was abundantly expressed in central nervous system. Here, we detected the expression dynamics of miR-8b by qPCR during the head regeneration of D. japonica. Knockdown miR-8b by anti-MIRs method caused severe defects of eyes and CNS. Our study revealed the evolutionary conserved role of miR-8b in the planarian regeneration process, and further provided more research ideas and available information for planarian miRNAs.

scholarly journals GH and IGF System: The Regulatory Role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Catellani ◽  
Gloria Ravegnini ◽  
Chiara Sartori ◽  
Sabrina Angelini ◽  
Maria E. Street
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Growth Promoting

Growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system are involved in many biological processes and have growth-promoting actions regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. A recent chapter in epigenetics is represented by microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which regulate gene expression. Dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs have been associated with several diseases including cancer. Herein we report the most recent findings concerning miRNAs and lncRNAs regulating GH and the IGF system in the context of pituitary adenomas, osteosarcoma and colorectal cancer, shedding light on new possible therapeutic targets. Pituitary adenomas are increasingly common intracranial tumors and somatotroph adenomas determine supra-physiological GH secretion and cause acromegaly. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor in children and adolescents and was reported in adults who were treated with GH in childhood. Colorectal cancer is the third cancer in the world and has a higher prevalence in acromegalic patients.

scholarly journals The Role of LncRNAs in Translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Didem Karakas ◽  
Bulent Ozpolat
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Translational Machinery ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of non-protein coding RNAs with lengths of more than 200 nucleotides, exert their effects by binding to DNA, mRNA, microRNA, and proteins and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Depending on cellular location, lncRNAs are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including chromatin modification, transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference, scaffolding and regulation of translational machinery. This review highlights recent studies on lncRNAs in the regulation of protein translation by modulating the translational factors (i.e, eIF4E, eIF4G, eIF4A, 4E-BP1, eEF5A) and signaling pathways involved in this process as wells as their potential roles as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters.

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