Biochar from co-pyrolysis of urban organic wastes—investigation of carbon sink potential using ATR-FTIR and TGA

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery ◽

10.1007/s13399-020-01000-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rahul Ramesh Nair ◽

Moni M Mondal ◽

Dirk Weichgrebe

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Treatment Temperature ◽

Organic Wastes ◽

Solid Waste Treatment ◽

The Stability ◽

Recalcitrance Index

Abstract Urban organic wastes (UOW) strain the infrastructures for solid waste treatment (SWT) in emerging economies. This study investigated biochar gained from three major UOW sources in India—banana peduncles (BP), a fibrous waste, from fruit markets; sewage sludge (SS) from wastewater treatment plants; and anaerobic digestate (AD) from food and market waste processing facilities—in terms of its potential to sequester and become long-term carbon sink in soils. Herein, the chemical properties (using ATR-FTIR) and thermal oxidative stability (using TGA) of biochars derived from these UOW and their three blends were examined. Biochar from SS and AD and the blends were found to possess more ash content, Cl, and alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) than that from BP. The conventional recalcitrance index (R50) could not quantify and compare the stability of these mineral- and ash-rich biochars. Hence, a modified thermal oxidative recalcitrance index (TORi) is proposed. All the biochar from blends prepared at highest treatment temperature of 650 °C shows similar aromaticity. However, biochar from blend of 50% SS, 30%BP, and 20% AD exhibits the highest recalcitrance (TORi = 0.193) to become a long-term carbon sink in soil. More than aromaticity, the influence of Si, Fe, and AAEM on the biochar matrix affects its recalcitrance. Variations in the structural properties and recalcitrance of biochars from blends are attributable to the synergy among their constituents SS, AD, and BP. The determined TORi confirms the potential of biochar from the blends of UOW as a long-term carbon sink.

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Long-term feedbacks result in the recovery of the CO2 sink in a remnant peatland following water table lowering

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-773 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua Ratcliffe ◽

David Campbell ◽

Louis Schipper ◽

Aaron Wall ◽

Beverley Clarkson

Keyword(s):

Water Table ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Ecosystem Respiration ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Sink Strength ◽

Raised Bogs ◽

Time Periods ◽

The Stability ◽

Pristine Site

Peatland biological, physical and chemical properties change over time in response to the long-term water table position. Such changes complicate predicting the response of peatland carbon stocks to sustained drying. Here we use Eddy Covariance measurements of CO2 exchange to study the effect of sustained water table lowering on peatland carbon dynamics. We compare measurements from a near-pristine peatland with those of a drying remnant, both raised bogs dominated by Empodisma robustum (Restionaceae), across two different time periods separated by a 16-year interval. We found that the remnant bog was initially a source of CO2 following water table lowering. However, the CO2 sink recovered and strengthened after the 16-year interval between measurements. The increase in CO2 sink strength in the remnant bog was primarily due to increased photosynthetic uptake of CO2, which exceeded that of the near-pristine site in both time periods. Additionally we found the loss of CO2 via ecosystem respiration to have declined with time, however, ecosystem respiration remained elevated compared to the near-pristine site. These trends of increasing photosynthesis and declining ecosystem respiration resulted in the CO2 sink in the dry bog reaching half the sink strength of the near-pristine bog. We consider two factors to have been key for the recovery of the CO2 sink in the remnant bog. These were 1) resilience of the peat-forming plant community to water-table change and 2) the expansion of ericoid shrubs. Our results demonstrate that the peatland carbon sink can recover from drying over a multi-decadal timescale, but questions remain as to the long-term trajectory of dry bogs and the stability of carbon fixed after water table lowering.

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Studies on Sediment Physico-Chemical Properties of the Ulhas River Flowing along Dombivli City near Mumbai

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.52.11 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 11-21

Author(s):

Amol M. Jadhav ◽

Pravin U. Singare

Keyword(s):

Industrial Waste ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Control Measures ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Pollution Load ◽

Residential Areas ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Heavy Pollution

Ulhas River which is one of the most polluted rivers of Mumbai receives heavy pollution load from the nearby Dombivali industrial belt. Previous studies reported along the Dombivali industrial belt has indicated that the pollution level is so much alarming that it has created threat to nearby residential areas and also to the Ulhas River flowing in the outskirts of the Dombivali City. It is feared that the toxic chemicals present in the industrial waste might affect the sediment ecosystem of the river. Hence this has provoked us to carry the systematic and detailed study of physico chemical properties of the sediment samples collected along the Ulhas River. The study was done during the year 2012 and 2013, at the sites where the industrial discharge from Dombivli industrial belt Phase I and Phase II joins the Ulhas River. The study was performed to understand the physico chemical properties such as pH, alkalinity, chloride and phosphates. Results of the study reveal that there is an urgent requirement for systematic and regular monitoring of pollution level along the Ulhas River which will further help in improving the industrial waste treatment procedure adopted, along the Dombivli industrial belt. It is expected that such scientific studies will be useful to determine the extent of pollution control measures required in order to avoid long term irreparable damage to the Ulhas River ecosystem.

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Viability of the Use of Leachates from a Mechanical Biological Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant as Fertilizers

Recycling ◽

10.3390/recycling4010008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jonathan Cardoso ◽

Helder Gomes ◽

Paulo Brito

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

No Production ◽

Adsorption Processes ◽

Solid Waste Treatment ◽

Compost Leachate ◽

Physical And Chemical

The main environmental issue associated with compost production is the production of a liquid leachate. Leachate from municipal wastes contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements that can be used as nutrients by plants. The advantages of the use of organic wastes such as compost leachate as fertilizers are evident. Their use would reduce the consumption of commercial fertilizers, which need, with their production, high cost and energy. This work aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of a specific leachate with a variable composition, collected from the composting line of a mechanical and biological treatment facility. The goal is to assess if the leachates can be used as a potential source for fertilizers, and thus develop and design a sequence of processes which could effectively convert the leachates to commercial fertilizers according to the requirements of the proposal of regulation of the European Parliament of 2016 for fertilizers. Preliminary results show that the leachate samples qualitatively meet the requirements established for the composition of commercial fertilizers, especially organo-mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, there is no production cost of leachate as a raw material. The results show that the leachate is characterized by manageable concentrations of heavy metals which can be removed by adsorption processes, and it presents suitable amounts of organic carbon after a water removal procedure. However, the establishment of the conditions for suitable conversion processes are still under investigation considering the high composition variability due to factors like storage and environmental conditions.

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Minerals control phosphorus solubility in long-term-cultivated calcareous soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr16057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohsen Jalali ◽

Mahdi Jalali

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dicalcium Phosphate ◽

Equilibration Time ◽

Soil P ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Stability ◽

Physical And Chemical

Little information is available on phosphorus (P) solubility in long-term cultivated calcareous soils. Improved characterisation of P-containing minerals and soil P species in calcareous soils leads to better management of crop production, water quality and soil quality. In this study, we investigated the solubility relationships of P for 20 surface-soil samples from Hamedan, western Iran, with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Two equilibration times (0.5 and 168h) were used to evaluate the effect of equilibration times on P activities. We observed up to 67% decrease in mean P concentration when equilibration time was increased from 0.5 to 168h. Solubility diagrams support the stability of hydroxyapatite with 0.5h equilibration and hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate with 168h equilibration. Geochemical modelling predicted that dicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and magnesium-P minerals would be unstable and thus would gradually dissolve and supply P in solution in these calcareous soils. The information obtained can be used to predict the behaviour of P and its availability for agricultural crops in calcareous soils.

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Long-Term Effects of the Use of Organic Amendments and Crop Rotation on Soil Properties in Southeast Spain

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2363

Author(s):

Antonio Sánchez-Navarro ◽

Juan Sánchez-Martínez ◽

Eva María Barba-Corbalán ◽

Magdalena Valverde-Pérez ◽

Aldara Girona-Ruíz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Management ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Forage Maize ◽

Maize Cultivation

The evolution of soil chemical properties over 20 years was monitored to assess the effects of the change in soil management from a rainfed to an irrigated model and the use of organic amendments and crop rotation. Intensive agriculture has been the activity that has caused most degradation and contamination of this soil. Long-term monitoring of the soil profile made it possible to assess its response to the application of sustainable agricultural techniques intended to offset these effects. Three profiles of the same soil were studied—P1 (1998), P2 (2003), P3 (2017)—to show the evolution in time and space. An incipient degradation process was detected in the first five years, verified by increases in salinity (2.3 dS m−1), exchangeable Na (0.5 g kg−1), and TN (1.3 g kg−1) in P2 in comparison with P1 (1.0, 0.2, and 1.1, respectively). There was also leaching towards the deep horizons for TN (0.4, 0.9, and 0.7 g kg−1 for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), and for assimilable elements such as P (1.1, 6.4, and 3.8), Fe (2.0, 2.1, and 5.6), Mn (0.3, 6.5, and 1.9), Zn (0.3, 0.5, and 0.9), and Cu (0.5, 0.6, and 1.3) (all mg kg−1, for P1, P2, and P3, respectively). Between 2004 and 2017, organic amendments (sheep manure) were reduced by 50%, crop rotation was intensified, and green fertilization and forage maize cultivation were included. As a result, P3 showed an improvement in comparison with P2, with decreases in EC (1.4 dS m−1), exchangeable Na (0.2 g kg−1), and TN (0.8 g kg−1). The change in soil management enhanced some soil functions (carbon sink and chemical fertility) and attenuated soil degradation.

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SHELF LIFE PREDICTION OF DIAGNOSTIC FLUORESCENT TULAREMIA DRY IMMUNOGLOBULINS

ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT ◽

10.35627/2219-5238/2019-311-2-56-60 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

O.L. Startseva ◽

S.A. Kurcheva

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Medical Product ◽

Shelf Life Prediction ◽

The Stability ◽

Physical And Chemical

We described the results of studying the stability of the main indicators of medical product quality for in vitro diagnostics - diagnostic fluorescent tularemia dry immunoglobulins RIF-Tul-StavNIPCHI, developed on the basis of Stavropol Anti-Plague Institute of Rospotrebnadzor to justify the shelf life and recommended storage conditions when used on a real scale time and accelerated research methods. At the same time, one of the main criteria for the study of stability is its study during sample storage not only in the primary packaging of an industrial output, but also after the first opening of the package, during the use period of the reconstituted preparation. On the basis of data obtained in both long-term and accelerated trials, a shelf life of three years is recommended. It was experimentally proved that during this period of time, the quality indicators of the drug remain at a level one that complies with the requirements of technical and operational documentation. In the course of application the recovered product demonstrates stability of its biological and physical-and-chemical properties within 5 days at a storage temperature of 2 to 8°С.

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The Stability of the WHO Reference Thromboplastin NIBS & C 67/40

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657008 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (04) ◽

pp. 1135-1140 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

G I C Ingram

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Collaborative Study ◽

Calibration Constant ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Show Evidence ◽

Human Material ◽

Reference Preparation ◽

The Stability

SummaryThe International Reference Preparation of human brain thromboplastin coded 67/40 has been thought to show evidence of instability. The evidence is discussed and is not thought to be strong; but it is suggested that it would be wise to replace 67/40 with a new preparation of human brain, both for this reason and because 67/40 is in a form (like Thrombotest) in which few workers seem to use human brain. A �plain� preparation would be more appropriate; and a freeze-dried sample of BCT is recommended as the successor preparation. The opportunity should be taken also to replace the corresponding ox and rabbit preparations. In the collaborative study which would be required it would then be desirable to test in parallel the three old and the three new preparations. The relative sensitivities of the old preparations could be compared with those found in earlier studies to obtain further evidence on the stability of 67/40; if stability were confirmed, the new preparations should be calibrated against it, but if not, the new human material should receive a calibration constant of 1.0 and the new ox and rabbit materials calibrated against that.The types of evidence available for monitoring the long-term stability of a thromboplastin are discussed.

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Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Using Plasma Gasification with the Potential Production of Synthesis Gas (Syngas)

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12

Author(s):

Angela Hartati ◽

Diah Indriani Widiputri ◽

Arbi Dimyati

Keyword(s):

Waste Treatment ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Energy Agency ◽

Plasma Gasification ◽

Gasification Process ◽

Solid Waste Treatment ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Waste Separation ◽

Gasification Efficiency ◽

Arc Plasma Torch

This research was conducted for the purpose to overcome Indonesia waste problem. The samples are classified into garden waste, paper waste, wood, food waste, and MSW with objective to identify which type of waste give out more syngas since there is waste separation in Indonesia. All samples were treated by plasma gasification without pre-treatment (drying). Arc plasma torch used in this experiment was made by National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN) and used Argon as the gas source. Then the torch was connected to self-designed gasification chamber and gas washing system before injected into a gas bas for composition analysis. Another objective is to identify factors that may affect the gasification efficiency and the experiment shows that moisture content is not really affecting the efficiency but the duration of the process. The mass reduction of each samples were recorded, then the gas produced from the gasification process were analyzed. The result shows that food has the highest mass percentage reduced and producing the highest amount of hydrogen amongst other samples. However, treating MSW also produce considerably high amount of hydrogen. In conclusion, MSW direct treatment (without separation) using plasma gasification is feasible since it still produces desirable quality of syngas.

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