scholarly journals Obesity as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19: Summary of the Best Evidence and Implications for Health Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Sattar ◽  
Jonathan Valabhji
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factor ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Excess Adiposity ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Genetic Comparison

Abstract Purpose of Review To collate the best evidence from several strands—epidemiological, genetic, comparison with historical data and mechanistic information—and ask whether obesity is an important causal and potentially modifiable risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes. Recent Findings Several hundred studies provide powerful evidence that body mass index (BMI) is a strong linear risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes, with recent studies suggesting ~5-10% higher risk for COVID-19 hospitalisation per every kg/m2 higher BMI. Genetic data concur with hazard ratios increasing by 14% per every kg/m2 higher BMI. BMI to COVID-19 links differ markedly from prior BMI-infection associations and are further supported as likely causal by multiple biologically plausible pathways. Summary Excess adiposity appears to be an important, modifiable risk factor for adverse COVID-19 outcomes across all ethnicities. The pandemic is also worsening obesity levels. It is imperative that medical systems worldwide meet this challenge by upscaling investments in obesity prevention and treatments.

scholarly journals Remnant Cholesterol and Myocardial Infarction in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Varbo ◽  
Jacob J Freiberg ◽  
Børge G Nordestgaard
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
General Population Study ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Remnant Cholesterol

Abstract BACKGROUND We tested whether high remnant cholesterol is associated with high myocardial infarction risk, independent of whether an individual is normal weight, overweight, or obese. METHODS A total of 106216 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study were followed for up to 11 years, during which 1565 experienced a myocardial infarction. Individuals were grouped by clinically meaningful remnant cholesterol concentrations of <0.5 mmol/L (19 mg/dL), 0.5 to 0.99 mmol/L (19–38 mg/dL), 1.0 to 1.49 mmol/L (39–58 mg/dL), and ≥1.5 mmol/L (58 mg/dL), and by body mass index (BMI) of <18.5 kg/m2 (underweight), 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 (normal weight), 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 (overweight), and ≥30 kg/m2 (obese). RESULTS Median calculated remnant cholesterol was 0.40 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR), 0.30–0.55 mmol/L] [15 mg/dL (12–21 mg/dL)] for underweight, 0.50 mmol/L (IQR, 0.37–0.71 mmol/L) [19 mg/dL (14–27 mg/dL)] for normal weight, 0.70 mmol/L (IQR, 0.49–1.00 mmol/L) [27 mg/dL (19–39 mg/dL)] for overweight, and 0.85 mmol/L (IQR, 0.61–1.20 mmol/L) [(33 mg/dL (24–46 mg/dL)] for obese individuals. On continuous scales, remnant cholesterol was positively correlated with BMI until reaching a plateau of approximately 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) at BMI >35 kg/m2. R2 from an unadjusted linear regression for the correlation between calculated remnant cholesterol and BMI was 12%. Stepwise higher remnant cholesterol was associated with stepwise higher myocardial infarction risk in a similar pattern for normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. When compared with individuals with remnant cholesterol <0.5 mmol/L (19 mg/dL), individuals with remnant cholesterol ≥1.5 mmol/L (58 mg/dL) had hazard ratios for myocardial infarction of 2.0 (95% CI, 1.3–3.2) for normal weight, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4–2.6) for overweight, and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.4–3.5) for obese individuals. Directly measured remnant cholesterol increased 0.91 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.89–0.94 mmol/L) [35 mg/dL (34–36 mg/dL)] per 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) increase in calculated remnant cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Remnant cholesterol and BMI were positively correlated; however, high remnant cholesterol was associated with higher myocardial infarction risk across the examined BMI subcategories, indicating that remnant cholesterol is a risk factor for myocardial infarction independent of overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Correlation between Body Mass Index to Hypertension in A Rural Area in East Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Alvin Hartanto Kurniawan ◽  
Benedictus Hanjaya Suwandi ◽  
Dicky Teguh Prakoso ◽  
Reynaldy Cliftianto Moksidy ◽  
Irma Talitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Major Risk Factor ◽  
Spearman Test

Hypertension is one of the most commonly encountered problems in primary health care and a major risk factor for other lethal diseases. Obesity, another arising problem in developing and developed countries, is another major risk factor for metabolic disease. However, studies about both diseases and their intercorrelation in rural areas are still limited. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in a rural area. This study was an observational, cross-sectional study performed in outpatients at Community Health Care of Ngronggot, a rural area in East Java for one month with inclusion criteria aged 18 years old, systole blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 and/or diastole blood pressure (DBP) ≥90, or a history of anti-hypertensive treatment. Information including age, gender, SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body weight, and height was collected and calculated for its distribution and correlation using the Spearman rank-order correlation test. There were 201 subjects in this study, 65.7% of which were female, while 34.3% of which are male, and the median age was 59 years old. We also found that more than 60% of our participants were overweight and obese. The results of the Spearman test showed that BMI significantly correlated with SBP (p=0.029), DBP (p=0.016), and MAP (p=0.008). In conclusion, BMI had a positive correlation with blood pressure, and obesity was prevalent in our rural area population.

Body Mass Index, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and their Predictive Value in vitro Fertilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1842-1845
Author(s):  
Lavinia Stelea ◽  
Izabella Petre ◽  
Marius Craina ◽  
Brigitha Vlaicu ◽  
Alina Sisu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Weight Problems ◽  
Fertility Disorder

The aim of this study was to determine if body mass can be considered a risk factor for infertility, and if we can find any correlations between the age values and the FSH and estradiol values, and between the BMI values and the FSH and estradiol values. Our whole sample contains 100 patients splinted in two groups (pregnant patients N1=57 subjects, 57%, and not � pregnant patients N1=43 subjects,43%). In the first part we conducted our analysis on the whole group and after that we focused the analysis on the two groups and we made some comparisons between the groups. We obtained a medium, extremely significant correlation in all scenarios between the age and the FSH values. This is the best association from all the cases which we tested. In all twelve cases we have a positive correlation (r ] 0). As well, we obtained that a BMI value higher than 25can be considered a risk factor for obtaining a pregnancy (p[0.05, RR ] 1, OR]1) . Our study shows that women who have weight problems have much less chances of conceiving a baby, even if they ovulate normally. The risk of infertility increases proportionally to the extra pounds. Irregular ovulation in women is the most common fertility disorder due to obesity disease.

Nonunion Rates in Hind- and Midfoot Arthrodesis in Current, Ex-, and Nonsmokers

2020 ◽  
pp. 107110072097126
Author(s):  
Jack Allport ◽  
Jayasree Ramaskandhan ◽  
Malik S. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factor ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Nonunion rates in hind or midfoot arthrodesis have been reported as high as 41%. The most notable and readily modifiable risk factor that has been identified is smoking. In 2018, 14.4% of the UK population were active smokers. We examined the effect of smoking status on union rates for a large cohort of patients undergoing hind- or midfoot arthrodesis. Methods: In total, 381 consecutive primary joint arthrodeses were identified from a single surgeon’s logbook (analysis performed on a per joint basis, with a triple fusion reported as 3 separate joints). Patients were divided based on self-reported smoking status. Primary outcome was clinical union. Delayed union, infection, and the need for ultrasound bone stimulation were secondary outcomes. Results: Smoking prevalence was 14.0%, and 32.2% were ex-smokers. Groups were comparable for sex, diabetes, and body mass index. Smokers were younger and had fewer comorbidities. Nonunion rates were higher in smokers (relative risk, 5.81; 95% CI, 2.54-13.29; P < .001) with no statistically significant difference between ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers had higher rates of infection ( P = .05) and bone stimulator use ( P < .001). Among smokers, there was a trend toward slower union with heavier smoking ( P = .004). Conclusion: This large retrospective cohort study confirmed previous evidence that smoking has a considerable negative effect on union in arthrodesis. The 5.81 relative risk in a modifiable risk factor is extremely high. Arthrodesis surgery should be undertaken with extreme caution in smokers. Our study shows that after cessation of smoking, the risk returns to normal, but we were unable to quantify the time frame. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

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