scholarly journals Engineering the Structure of Multi-thread Fancy Bouclé Yarn: Individual Effects of the Number of Wraps and the Overfeed Ratio

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malek Alshukur ◽  
Lisa Macintyre
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Yarn Structure ◽  
Linear Reduction

AbstractThis study is about the influence of the number of wraps and the overfeed ratio on the fancy bouclé yarn structure. The bouclé yarns of this study were made on a hollow-spindle spinning system. The number of wraps and the overfeed ratio were increased incrementally and individually in two different experiments. It was found that there were significant linear relationships between increasing the overfeed ratio and increasing the number and size of fancy bouclé profiles, but at the expense of decreasing their circularity ratio and changing the bouclé yarn morphology. However, increasing the number of wraps made a significant linear reduction to the size of fancy bouclé profile but without affecting their number. This study aids bouclé yarn manufacturers to increase their understanding of the structure and aesthetics of bouclé yarns. It also shows them how the morphology of bouclé profiles may change when the overfeed ratio or the number of wraps is changed. In particular, variants of bouclé profiles may appear, which can increase the potential for those variants to attract the attention of designers and consumers. It also can strengthen the manufacturers’ capabilities to satisfy the needs of a wide range of consumers, by creating a wider range of novelty clothing.

Short-Term Measurements of Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Several C4 Species

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Henderson ◽  
SV Caemmerer ◽  
GD Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Wide Range

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and leaf gas-exchange were measured simultaneously for a number of C4 species. Linear relationships were found between A and the ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressures of CO2, pI/pa. These data were used to estimate the fraction of CO2 released by C4-acid decarboxylation in the bundle sheath, which subsequently leaks out to the mesophyll. We define this fraction as the leakiness of the system and it is also a measure of the extent to which phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylations exceed ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylations. For Sorghum bicolor and Amaranthus edulis, leakiness was estimated at 0.2 and was constant over a wide range of irradiances (between 480 and 1600 μmol quanta m-2 s-1), intercellular CO2 pressures (between 30 and 350 μbar) and leaf temperatures (from 21�C to 34�C). At irradiances less than 240 μmol quanta m-2 s-1, leakiness appeared to increase. For a number of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species, of the various C4-decarboxylation types, leakiness was also estimated at 0.2. Contrary to expectation, amongst the 11 species examined, those with suberised lamellae did not show lower values of leakiness than those without suberised lamellae. For one NAD-ME and one PCK monocot, the estimates of leakiness were significantly higher at 0.30 and 0.25, respectively. Long-term discrimination (assessed from carbon isotope composition of leaf dry matter) did not correlate well with these short- term measures of discrimination. We suggest that this may be due to differences between species in fractionations occurring after photosynthesis.

Some quantitative relationships for ionization reactions at high pressures

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS El'yanov ◽  
SD Hamann
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Good Description ◽  
Ionization Constants ◽  
Linear Free Energy Relationship ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Ion Hydration ◽  
Linear Free Energy ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ionization Equilibria

A simple formula is proposed to describe the pressure dependence of the variable Φ in El?yanov and Gonikberg's linear free energy relationship for ionization reactions in solution at high pressure. ��� The expression, given in equations (10) and (12), provides a good description of the influence of pressure on ionization equilibria in aqueous solutions. It permits El'yanov's general linear relationships between Φ and ionization free energies, enthalpies and entropies, pH and Hammett's p parameter, to be expressed in terms of the pressure in convenient analytical forms. ��� The formula is shown to be consistent with the simple electrostatic theory of ion hydration, allowing for the effect of pressure on the dielectric constant of water. Combined with the theory, it provides a general means of predicting ionization constants over a wide range of pressures and temperatures simply from knowledge of the changes in molar volume, enthalpy and entropy which accompany the reactions at atmospheric pressure.

Relationship between fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of bovine milk fat

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Parodi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Stereospecific Analysis ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Triglyceride Structure ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYFourteen samples of milk fat, representing a wide range of individual fatty acid contents, were subjected to stereospecific analysis to determine fatty acid contents at the sn-l-, sn-2- and sn-3-positions of the triglycerides. Highly significant linear relationships were found between the content of a fatty acid at the 3 positions and the content of the same acid in the intact triglycerides. As the content of an acid increased in the triglycerides there were increases in the content of that acid at the 3 positions. When the content of an acid changed in the triglycerides, the content at the 3 stereospecific positions did not change at the same rate. The positions with the highest slope values corresponded to the positions where the individual fatty acids were preferentially esterified.

Analysis of Fatigue Process of Rubber Vulcanizates

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hirakawa ◽  
F. Urano ◽  
M. Kida
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Network Chain ◽  
Fatigue Process ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hysteresis Energy Loss ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between energy-input and hysteresis energy-loss during repeated deformation was analyzed, with gum and filled-rubber vuloanizates. It was recognized that the hysteresis energy-loss decreases more quickly with repeated deformation than the energy-input does. After a number of cycles both the energy-input and the energy-loss approach constant values. When these values are plotted against strain, curves similar in shape are obtained, regardless of the type of rubber. This is because the network chain is well relaxed. A group of the linear relationships between log W and log H was found with respect to N and λ. Examining the parameters, g1, g2, f1 and f2 as functions of N and λ, simple expressions, (4) and (5), were obtained for both the first deformation and after many cycles. At the latter state the hysteresis ratio tends to be constant in the wide range of λ. Finally, the relation between W and H at fatigue break is expressed with the same form of equation proposed by Grosch for the tensile break at the first extension.

The effects of concentrate energy source on milk composition of lactating dairy cattle offered grass silage

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
D.A. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Concentrate Energy ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Concentrate Energy Source

AbstractTwo partially balanced change-over design experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on milk yield and composition of lactating diary cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. A total of nine silages differing in fermentation digestibility and intake characteristics were produced in experiments 1 and 2. Silage dry matter (DM) concentration ranged from 170 to 473 g/kg, ammonia nitrogen ranged from 58 to 356 g/kg nitrogen, digestible organic matter in the DM ranged from 551 to 724 g/kg and silage DM intake potential ranged from 57 to 103.8 g/kg w0.75 respectively. In experiment 1, 5 concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible undegradable protein (DUP) while three concentrates were formulated in experiment 2 to contain similar concentrations of CP, ME and DUP. The concentrates were prepared using barley, wheat, sugar beet pulp and citrus pulp as energy sources and formulated to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. Starch concentrations ranged from 50 to 384 g/kg DM and 22 to 273 g/kg DM in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. There were no concentrate energy source by silage type interactions for silage intake, milk yield and composition. It is concluded that increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P<0.001, R2 = 0.96) and fat (P<0.001, R2 = 0.85) concentrations respectively. Concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield.

scholarly journals Linear and Non-linear Relationships Between Shares of the Agri-food Industries of the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Risk Aspect

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (4) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Pera
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Warsaw Stock Exchange ◽  
Exchange Risk

Despite a wide range of research on the agricultural market conducted so far, relatively little attention has been devoted to a comprehensive analysis of linear and non-linear causality in relation to the entire agri-food sector in Poland, in the context of risk. The objective of this study is therefore to analyze the linear and non-linear relationships between shares of WSE's agri-food industry sectors in terms of risk. The study covered three sectors of agri-food sector currently existing on the WSE (29 listed companies): Foods (21 listed companies), Agricultural Production and Fisheries (5 listed companies) and Food and Foodstuffs and fast-trafficking foodstuffs (3 listed companies). The existence of linear relationships was verified using the test procedure proposed by Hong, Liu, Wang and Łęt, while non-linear relationships were verified using the Diks-Panchenko, Orzeszko and Osińska tests’s. The study was carried out on the basis of data from companies of the agri-food industry listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period from 1 May 2010 to 1 May 2017. The chosen research methodology was dictated by the correlation with investment risk on the WSE. The strongest and most enduring dependencies have been found in the agricultural and fisheries sectors. In the foodstuff sector and the fast-marketable sector, the risk of investment in the listed companies was temporary.

scholarly journals A New Approach to In Vitro Comparisons of Antibiotics in Dynamic Models: Equivalent Area under the Curve/MIC Breakpoints and Equiefficient Doses of Trovafloxacin and Ciprofloxacin against Bacteria of Similar Susceptibilities

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 2841-2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Firsov ◽  
Sergey N. Vostrov ◽  
Alexander A. Shevchenko ◽  
Yury A. Portnoy ◽  
Stephen H. Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Equivalent Area ◽  
Time Kill

ABSTRACT Time-kill studies, even those performed with in vitro dynamic models, often do not provide definitive comparisons of different antimicrobial agents. Also, they do not allow determinations of equiefficient doses or predictions of area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC breakpoints that might be related to antimicrobial effects (AMEs). In the present study, a wide range of single doses of trovafloxacin (TR) and twice-daily doses of ciprofloxacin (CI) were mimicked in an in vitro dynamic model. The AMEs of TR and CI against gram-negative bacteria with similar susceptibilities to both drugs were related to AUC/MICs that varied over similar eight-fold ranges [from 54 to 432 and from 59 to 473 (μg · h/ml)/(μg/ml), respectively]. The observation periods were designed to include complete bacterial regrowth, and the AME was expressed by its intensity (the area between the control growth in the absence of antibiotics and the antibiotic-induced time-kill and regrowth curves up to the point where viable counts of regrowing bacteria equal those achieved in the absence of drug [I E]). In each experiment monoexponential pharmacokinetic profiles of TR and CI were simulated with half-lives of 9.2 and 4.0 h, respectively. Linear relationships between I E and log AUC/MIC were established for TR and CI against three bacteria: Escherichia coli (MIC of TR [MICTR] = 0.25 μg/ml; MIC of CI [MICCI] = 0.12 μg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICTR = 0.3 μg/ml; MICCI = 0.15 μg/ml), and Klebsiella pneumoniae(MICTR = 0.25 μg/ml; MICCI = 0.12 μg/ml). The slopes and intercepts of these relationships differed for TR and CI, and the I E-log AUC/MIC plots were not superimposed, although they were similar for all bacteria with a given antibiotic. By using the relationships betweenI E and log AUC/MIC, TR was more efficient than CI. The predicted value of the AUC/MIC breakpoint for TR [mean for all three bacteria, 63 (μg · h/ml)/(μg/ml)] was approximately twofold lower than that for CI. Based on theI E-log AUC/MIC relationships, the respective dose (D)-response relationships were reconstructed. Like the I E-log AUC/MIC relationships, theI E-log D plots showed TR to be more efficient than CI. Single doses of TR that are as efficient as two 500-mg doses of CI (500 mg given every 12 h) were similar for the three strains (199, 226, and 203 mg). This study suggests that in vitro evaluation of the relationships between I E and AUC/MIC or D might be a reliable basis for comparing different fluoroquinolones and that the results of such comparative studies may be highly dependent on their experimental design and datum quantitation.

scholarly journals Development of global temperature and pH calibrations based on bacterial 3-hydroxy fatty acids in soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3937-3959
Author(s):  
Pierre Véquaud ◽  
Sylvie Derenne ◽  
Alexandre Thibault ◽  
Christelle Anquetil ◽  
Giuliano Bonanomi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Gram-negative bacteria produce specific membrane lipids, i.e. 3-hydroxy fatty acids with 10 to 18 C atoms. They have been recently proposed as temperature and pH proxies in terrestrial settings. Nevertheless, the existing correlations between pH or temperature and indices derived from 3-OH FA distribution are based on a small soil dataset (ca. 70 samples) and only applicable regionally. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of 3-OH FAs as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and pH proxies at the global level. This was achieved using an extended soil dataset of 168 topsoils distributed worldwide, covering a wide range of temperatures (5 to 30 ∘C) and pH (3 to 8). The response of 3-OH FAs to temperature and pH was compared to that of established branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT)-based proxies (MBT'5Me/CBT). Strong linear relationships between 3-OH-FA-derived indices (RAN15, RAN17 and RIAN) and MAAT or pH could only be obtained locally for some of the individual transects. This suggests that these indices cannot be used as palaeoproxies at the global scale using simple linear regression models, in contrast with the MBT'5Me and CBT. However, strong global correlations between 3-OH FA relative abundances and MAAT or pH were shown by using other algorithms (multiple linear regression, k-NN and random forest models). The applicability of the three aforementioned models for palaeotemperature reconstruction was tested and compared with the MAAT record from a Chinese speleothem. The calibration based on the random forest model appeared to be the most robust. It generally showed similar trends with previously available records and highlighted known climatic events poorly visible when using local 3-OH FA calibrations. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of 3-OH FAs as palaeoproxies in terrestrial settings.

scholarly journals Evolution of inspiratory and expiratory muscle pressures during endurance exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharath S. Krishnan ◽  
Trevor Zintel ◽  
Colm McParland ◽  
Charles G. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between minute ventilation (V˙e) and net respiratory muscle pressure (Pmus) throughout the breathing cycle [Total Pmus = mean Pmus, i (inspiratory) + mean Pmus, e(expiratory)] in six normal subjects performing constant-work heavy exercise (CWHE, at ∼80% maximum) to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Pmus was calculated as the sum of chest wall pressure (elastic + resistive) and pleural pressure, and all mean Pmus variables were averaged over the total breath duration. Pmus, i was also expressed as a fraction of volume-matched, flow-corrected dynamic capacity of the inspiratory muscles ([Formula: see text]).V˙e increased significantly from 3 min to the end of CWHE and was the result of a significantly linear increase in Total Pmus (Δ = 43 ± 9% from 3 min to end exercise, P < 0.005) in all subjects ( r = 0.81–0.99). Although mean Pmus, i during inspiratory flow increased significantly (Δ = 35 ± 10%), postinspiratory Pmus, i fell (Δ = −54 ± 10%) and postexpiratory expiratory activity was negligible or absent throughout CWHE. There was a greater increase in mean Pmus, e (Δ = 168 ± 48%), which served to increaseV˙e throughout CWHE. In five of six subjects, there were significant linear relationships betweenV˙eand mean Pmus, i( r = 0.50–0.97) and mean Pmus, e( r = 0.82–0.93) during CWHE. The subjects generated a wide range of Pmus, i/[Formula: see text]values (25–80%), and mean Pmus, i/[Formula: see text]increased significantly (Δ = 42 ± 16%) and in a linear fashion ( r = 0.69–0.99) withV˙ethroughout CWHE. The progressive increase inV˙e during CWHE is due to 1) a linear increase in Total Pmus, 2) a linear increase in inspiratory muscle load, and 3) a progressive fall in postinspiratory inspiratory activity. We conclude that the relationship between respiratory muscle pressure andV˙e during exercise is linear and not curvilinear.

scholarly journals Hardness–Deformation Energy Relationship in Metals and Alloys: A Comparative Evaluation Based on Nanoindentation Testing and Thermodynamic Consideration

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7217
Author(s):  
Masayuki Yamamoto ◽  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Osamu Furukimi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Deformation Energy ◽  
Pure Metal ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Thermodynamic Consideration ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
Nanoindentation Testing ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Wide Range

Nanoindentation testing using a Berkovich indenter was conducted to explore the relationships among indentation hardness (H), elastic work energy (We), plastic work energy (Wp), and total energy (Wt = We + Wp) for deformation among a wide range of pure metal and alloy samples with different hardness, including iron, steel, austenitic stainless steel (H ≈ 2600–9000 MPa), high purity copper, single-crystal tungsten, and 55Ni–45Ti (mass%) alloy. Similar to previous studies, We/Wt and Wp/Wt showed positive and negative linear relationships with elastic strain resistance (H/Er), respectively, where Er is the reduced Young’s modulus obtained by using the nanoindentation. It is typically considered that Wp has no relationship with We; however, we found that Wp/We correlated well with H/Er for all the studied materials. With increasing H/Er, the curve converged toward Wp/We = 1, because the Gibbs free energy should not become negative when indents remain after the indentation. Moreover, H/Er must be less than or equal to 0.08. Thermodynamic analyses emphasized the physical meaning of hardness obtained by nanoindentation; that is, when Er is identical, harder materials show smaller values of Wp/We than those of softer ones during nanoindentation under the same applied load. This fundamental knowledge will be useful for identifying and developing metallic materials with an adequate balance of elastic and plastic energies depending on the application (such as construction or medical equipment).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document