COVID-19 and heterogeneous vulnerabilities in the Peruvian labor market: implications for social inequalities and for gender gaps

Economia Politica ◽

10.1007/s40888-021-00245-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rosa Luz Durán

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Household Survey ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Heads Of Household ◽

Joint Strategy ◽

National Household Survey ◽

Household Heads ◽

Individual Perspective

AbstractUsing quarterly data from the 2020 Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO), this paper estimates the differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on a set of labor market indicators, such as labor participation, occupational categories, informality, and number of hours worked. The impacts are calculated from an individual perspective (effects on the activities of the heads of household and their spouses, distinguishing them according to sex) and also from a joint strategy perspective among the partners. The results indicate that the intersectionalities of vulnerability considered (rural/urban area, and those contained in the type of households and in the situation of single-parenting or two-parenting of household heads and their spouses) determine that women, who live in rural areas, have children and do not have a partner were the most affected by the global health crisis.

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Inequality of opportunity among Indonesian school children

International Journal of Development Issues ◽

10.1108/ijdi-06-2019-0098 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 119-144

Author(s):

Indra Indra ◽

Suahasil Nazara ◽

Djoni Hartono ◽

Sudarno Sumarto

Keyword(s):

Basic Needs ◽

Household Survey ◽

School Age Children ◽

Clean Water ◽

Inequality Of Opportunity ◽

Dissimilarity Index ◽

Content Type ◽

National Household Survey ◽

Household Heads ◽

Observation Period

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the inequality of opportunity among Indonesian school-age children from 2002 to 2012. It focuses on the possibilities of accessing basic needs, such as primary education, secondary education, electricity and clean water. Design/methodology/approach This paper used three interrelated indicators, namely, coverage access rate, dissimilarity index and human opportunity index. It also applied Shapley decomposition to measure the contributions of each determinant of inequality opportunities. These data were obtained from the National Household Survey conducted in 2002-2012. Findings This study revealed that the level of access to all basic needs, except clean water, was likely to increase with even distribution during the observation period. Moreover, the decomposition results showed that the education of household heads, household income and region (rural-urban) were the main contributors to the total inequality of opportunity. Originality/value This study on the inequality of opportunity is interesting, for it is tightly related to inequality of outcome, i.e. income, expenditure and wealth. It is arguable that the inequality of outcome, nowadays, is a reflection of the past inequality in basic opportunities. Thus, the exploration of potential inequality drivers begins to be increasingly important, as it can assist the policymakers in drawing effective policies to repress the increasing trend of future inequality.

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Labor market and crisis: an analysis of sectoral segmentation in Brazilian rural

Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural ◽

10.1590/1806-9479.2021.249112 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Gomes Mantovani ◽

Jefferson Andronio Ramundo Staduto ◽

Carlos Alves do Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Bias Correction ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Household Survey ◽

Sample Selection Bias ◽

Agricultural Activities ◽

The Difference ◽

Counterfactual Decomposition

Abstract: The article aims to analyze which factors contributed to the inequality across income distribution of Brazilian workers in rural areas, occupied in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Quantile regression with sample selection bias correction and counterfactual decomposition of income by quantiles were applied, using the microdata from the National Continuous Household Survey (PNAD-C) for the years 2012 and 2019. The results showed that there is income inequality favorable to workers occupied in non-agricultural activities concerning agricultural activities, which is intensive for those with lower incomes, as well as for those with high incomes. The presence of sectorial segmentation was also confirmed, of which the largest portion in 2012 corresponds to the labor market duality. However in 2019, in lower quantiles the segmentation obtained greater explanatory power for the difference in income between the groups, while in higher quantiles the theory of human capital prevailed.

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Socio-economic contributors to current cigarette smoking among Iranian household heads: findings from a national household survey

Journal of Substance Use ◽

10.1080/14659891.2019.1675788 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 217-223

Author(s):

Mohammad Reza Masjedi ◽

Payam Roshanfekr ◽

Seyran Naghdi ◽

Peter Higgs ◽

Bahram Armoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Household Survey ◽

Current Cigarette Smoking ◽

Current Cigarette ◽

National Household Survey ◽

Household Heads

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Retornos heterogéneos a la Educación en el Mercado laboral Peruano, 2015

Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas - Journal of High Andean Research ◽

10.18271/ria.2016.218 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Roberto Arpi-Mayta ◽

Luis Arpi-Quilca

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Work Experience ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Returns To Education ◽

Household Survey ◽

Labor Income ◽

Employment Policy ◽

National Household Survey ◽

Las Mujeres ◽

Politica Educativa

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los retornos a la educación en el mercado laboral peruano durante el año 2015; según grupo étnico, área de residencia, sexo y categoría ocupacional de las personas; en forma específica se determina el efecto de la inversión en educación y la experiencia laboral sobre el ingreso laboral por hora. Los datos provienen de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y se estima la ecuación de ingresos de (Mincer, 1974) ampliada, utilizando la propuesta de (Heckman J. , 1979) en dos etapas bajo el marco teórico de (Becker, 1975). Sujeto a las limitaciones de datos y métodos utilizados, se concluye que el ingreso laboral de los peruanos aumenta 10,43% por año adicional de educación, aunque esto es diferenciado; tal es el caso, que el ingreso laboral por hora de los residentes del área urbana se incrementa 13,6% por año adicional de educación en relación a los del área rural (5,89%); los trabajadores asalariados perciben mayor ingreso (14,16%) que los trabajadores independientes (6,07%); los indígenas (8,32%) menos que los no indígenas (10,58%); y los las mujeres (10,62%) menos que las hombres (11,84%). La política educativa y laboral recomendada sería que se apliquen medidas de discriminación (positiva) a favor de las personas que se encuentren en el área rural, a los que trabajan en forma independiente, a los indígenas y a las mujeres. ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the returns to education in the Peruvian labor market during 2015; by ethnic group, area of residence, sex and occupational category of people; specifically we determined the effect of investment in education and work experience on hourly labor income. The data come from the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the earnings equation (Mincer, 1974) extended (1974) is estimated using the proposed (Heckman J. , 1979) in two stages under the theoretical framework of (Becker, 1975). Subject to the limitations of data and methods used, it is concluded that the Peruvian labor income increases 10,43% per additional year of education, although this is differentiated; such is the case, the hourly labor income of residents in urban areas increased 13,6% per additional year of education in relation to rural areas (5.89%); salaried workers receive higher income (14.16%) than the self-employed (6.07%); indigenous (8.32%) less than non-indigenous (10.58%); and women (10.62%) less than men (11.84%). The educational and employment policy recommended would be that discrimination measures (positive) been applied for people who are in rural areas, who work independently, indigenous and women. KEYWORDS: Returns to education, employment income, investment in education,

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Determinants of Long-Term Unemployment in Brazil in 2013

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v10n6p53 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Elano F. Arruda ◽

Daniel B. Guimarães ◽

Ivan Castelar ◽

Pablo U. C. Castelar

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Household Survey ◽

Probit Model ◽

The Other ◽

Southeast Region ◽

The North ◽

National Household Survey ◽

Household Heads ◽

Using Data

This work analyzes the determinants of the probability of a Brazilian worker being unemployed for more than a year, using data from the 2013 National Household Survey (PNAD) and applying a probit model. The results show a lower chance of remaining jobless of males, heads of households, those who declared themselves black, younger people, those who completed higher education or are in the process of acquiring it, and residents of the Southeast and South regions of Brazil. The probabilistic scenarios show that the Brazilian workers least likely to remain unemployed for over a year are males, residents in the South or Southeast region, heads of a household, between 36 and 45 years of age, with higher education, with only a 0.6% chance of remaining in that condition. On the other hand, the workers with the highest chance of remaining unemployed are females, between 46 and 65 years old, residents in the North region, illiterate and not household heads, with a 41% probability of remaining unemployed.

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Does the Labor Market Structure Explain Differences in Poverty in Rural Punjab?

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ◽

10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (Special Edition) ◽

pp. 139-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rashid Amjad ◽

G. M. Arif ◽

Usman Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Market Structure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Household Survey ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Good Opportunity ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Poverty Levels

The main focus of this study is Rural Punjab and it contributes to regional poverty research in two ways; first, using a more recent household survey data, carried out in August 2007 by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), it provides fresh poverty estimates for the rural areas of the Punjab. Second, the poverty differential across the agroclimatic zones of Punjab have been explained by urbanization, overseas migration and the labor market structure operating in these zones. This study shows four major factors that explain inequalities in poverty levels. First, the rural areas of two zones, barani and rice/wheat, are well integrated with urban settings. This integration has allowed their rural populations to work in the industrial sector of Central Punjab and the services sector in North Punjab primarily Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Second, the belt from Lahore to Attock in the Punjab has benefited the most from overseas migration. The flow of remittances has helped in reducing poverty levels. Third, the cotton/wheat and low intensity zone still largely depend for employment on the agricultural sector while this dependency is very low in the barani zone, which has good opportunity to seek job opportunities for its labor force in the armed services and government departments. Finally, demographic and social factors including education are less favorable in the cotton/wheat and low intensity zones which negatively impacts on a breakthrough in poverty reduction.

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Rural Transformation and Labor Market Outcomes among Rural Youths in Nigeria

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132413794 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 13794

Author(s):

Adedoyin Mistura Rufai ◽

Adebayo Isaiah Ogunniyi ◽

Kabir Kayode Salman ◽

Mutiat Bukola Salawu ◽

Abiodun Olusola Omotayo

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽

Labor Market Outcomes ◽

Household Survey ◽

Special Focus ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

Positive Effects

In Nigeria, unemployment in rural areas translates to economic problems, such as high levels of rural–urban migration. Interventions aimed at promoting rural transformation and development are designed to generate employment by promoting the growth of sectors such as manufacturing and services in rural areas. In this study, the General Household Survey (GHS) panel data for the post-planting and post-harvest periods of the 2011/2012 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons for Nigeria was used to investigate developments in rural areas in Nigeria between 2011 and 2015, and identified how these developments influenced labor market outcomes among rural youths. Fixed effect models were employed to control for unobserved heterogeneity that may exist because of the different years in the data used. Key levers of sustainable social and economic development, such as access to finance, health services, markets, and infrastructure such as electricity, were considered. The empirical results from the study revealed that being educated as well as having access to infrastructure and information had positive effects on the number of youths that took up wage/salary employment in the rural areas. The study concluded that the diversification of youths into other sectors would have higher growth effects on the development of rural areas, as they can invest more in agriculture, while also reducing the level of dependence on the sector. The study recommends an increase in budgetary allocations for education and rural development projects, with a special focus on electricity and financial institutions, while increasing access to information on available job opportunities.

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Pathways towards Women Empowerment and Determinants of Decent Work Deficit: A South Asian Perspective

Administrative Sciences ◽

10.3390/admsci11030080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 80

Author(s):

Mudassira Sarfraz ◽

Zubaria Andlib ◽

Muhammad Kamran ◽

Noor Ullah Khan ◽

Hanieh Alipour Bazkiaei

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Labor Force ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Social Stigma ◽

Multinomial Logit Model ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Decent Work ◽

Individual Level ◽

Labor Force Survey ◽

Household Heads

This research aims to assess the household and individual-level factors, specifically education, that affect the probability of women being engaged in decent work activities in the labor market. The study utilized the most recent labor force survey data from Pakistan with a sample size of 64,009 women. The research exploits the multinomial logit model (MNL) for data analysis. Several studies exist on the causes of female labor force participation nationally—in Pakistan—and internationally. However, there is a lack of research exploring the link between women’s access to decent work and various household and individual-level characteristics. This study intends to fill this literature gap by exploiting the largest nationwide labor force survey and exploring how household and individual-level factors, specifically focusing on women’s education level, relate to women’s employment status categories. The study’s findings reveal that education plays an essential role in uplifting women for better employment opportunities, i.e., educated women are more likely to be engaged in decent labor market activities such as paid employees and employers. The findings of the study propose some significant policy implications. E.g., (i) since education is the key to open better and decent work opportunities, it is crucial for women and their household heads to invest in education and vocational training; (ii) there is a dire need to have a policy shift in providing women access to at least a higher secondary (HS) level of education in Pakistan. The rationale is that less educated and illiterate women are concentrated in vulnerable employment; and (iii) at a micro level, there is a need to bring awareness among male household heads, specifically in rural areas, to realize that working women should not be considered a social stigma for the household.

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