scholarly journals Does the Labor Market Structure Explain Differences in Poverty in Rural Punjab?

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 139-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Amjad ◽  
G. M. Arif ◽  
Usman Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Structure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Poverty Levels

The main focus of this study is Rural Punjab and it contributes to regional poverty research in two ways; first, using a more recent household survey data, carried out in August 2007 by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), it provides fresh poverty estimates for the rural areas of the Punjab. Second, the poverty differential across the agroclimatic zones of Punjab have been explained by urbanization, overseas migration and the labor market structure operating in these zones. This study shows four major factors that explain inequalities in poverty levels. First, the rural areas of two zones, barani and rice/wheat, are well integrated with urban settings. This integration has allowed their rural populations to work in the industrial sector of Central Punjab and the services sector in North Punjab primarily Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Second, the belt from Lahore to Attock in the Punjab has benefited the most from overseas migration. The flow of remittances has helped in reducing poverty levels. Third, the cotton/wheat and low intensity zone still largely depend for employment on the agricultural sector while this dependency is very low in the barani zone, which has good opportunity to seek job opportunities for its labor force in the armed services and government departments. Finally, demographic and social factors including education are less favorable in the cotton/wheat and low intensity zones which negatively impacts on a breakthrough in poverty reduction.

scholarly journals Does Agricultural Performance Contribute to Rural Poverty Reduction in Indonesia?

JEJAK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amir Arham ◽  
Ahmad Fadhli ◽  
Sri Indriyani Dai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Agricultural Performance

Agriculture is the primary sector in many provinces in Indonesia. In fact, most of the rural communities work in the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, the poverty level in rural areas remains high. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the performance of the agricultural sector in reducing the rural poverty level in Indonesia, and to investigate factors that contribute as a determinant in reducing rural poverty level in Indonesia. This study was significant, considering that the result was to contribute to government policy evaluation in the agricultural sector, especially in reducing poverty in rural areas. This study used quantitative analysis through multiple regressions with data panel from 2014 to 2017 from 33 provinces in Indonesia. This study revealed that the increase of agricultural sector share and the widening of the income distribution had caused an increase in poor people in a rural area. This finding also revealed that the income distribution gap was a determinant to the severity of rural poverty. The growth in the agricultural sector to contribute toward the economy could reduce rural poverty level in Indonesia. Meanwhile, agricultural financing, economic growth, inflation, and the farmer exchange rate had not significantly contributed to reducing the poverty level.

An Overview of Agriculture Development Programs for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Muhamad Rusliyadi ◽  
Wang Libin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Integrated Rural Development

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview description of important differences in agricultural development China and Indonesia in poverty reduction efforts in rural areas and some strategy. This chapter hopes to provide an objective picture of the development from agricultural sector level of evidence both Indonesia and China. China and Indonesia are agriculture-based countries with a program of integrated rural development as a whole to be a target of poverty reduction programs. Several farm programs related to poverty alleviation have been launched and had a good impact or significance, especially in China that is able to reduce extreme poverty from 30% in 1978 to less than 3% in 2008. Certainly many lessons can be obtained from this success, especially the concept and strategy development in rural China to be a reference of other states in its development model, especially for poverty alleviation programs.

scholarly journals GENDER ROLE IN COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE FARMING AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN BIRENDRANAGAR MUNICIPALITY OF NEPAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Man Thapa ◽  
Ram Kumar Pant
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Vegetable Farming ◽  
Secondary Information

Vegetable production plays an important role in food security, poverty reduction and household income. Although vegetables are an important emerging cash crop for the agricultural sector in Nepal. The study was conducted to examine the contribution of CVF in household income, gender involvement, extension services and problem associated with CVF in Birendranagar Municipality ward number 14 (Gadhi) and 15 (Ratu) Surkhet, Nepal in 2018. The purposive sampling method was followed to select the respondents. A total of 90 respondents were selected from ward number fourteen (n=45) and fifteen (n=45) respectively. A pre-tested and standard interview schedule was employed for household survey to collect primary information. And various available documents of the governmental and non-governmental organizations were used for secondary information. The findings of the study revealed that vegetable farming has major contribution in household income. Joint decision making were done in crop selection and marketing by households. However, technology related and direct money related activities were decided more by male. Most of the activities related to commercial vegetable farming are performed jointly. However, laborious activities like nursery bed preparation, field preparation were done by male and tedious works like manure mixing; intercultural operations were done by female. Female farmers had lesser access to agriculture extension services. Commercial vegetable farming was not new enterprise for them and most of the farmers were highly motivated by their neighbor. Majority of youths were engaged in commercial vegetable farming and all farmers were satisfied with this job. Thus, with commercial vegetable farming, gender role had been changing overtime and it has created a good employment opportunities and aided household income. So, with proper management of the roles of gender, inputs and trainings enhance the commercial vegetable farming in study area.

scholarly journals Agriculture Development Programs for Poverty Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China - Comparative Study Case

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-118
Author(s):  
Muhamad Rusliyadi ◽  
Wang Libin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Integrated Rural Development ◽  
Agriculture Programs ◽  
Agriculture Development

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview description of important differences in agriculture development China and Indonesia in poverty reduction efforts in rural areas and some strategy. Obviously with the view of some of the existing literature by presenting data and facts or opinions with the collaboration of several institutions associated with the topic. This paper will provide an objective picture of the development from agricultural sector level of evidence both Indonesia and China. China and Indonesia is agriculture based country with a program of integrated rural development as a whole to be a target of poverty reduction programs. Several agriculture programs related to poverty reduction has been launched and have a good impact or significance, especially in China that is able to reduce extreme poverty from 30% in 1978 to less than 3% in 2008. Certainly many lessons can be obtained from this success, especially the concept and strategy development in rural China to be a reference of other States in its development model, especially for poverty alleviation programs.

scholarly journals Pengelolaan Dana Desa di Kecamatan Balong Kabupaten Ponorogo

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Maretha Berlianantiya Muhammad Ridwan Eka Wardani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

<p><em>Poverty often occurs in rural areas rather than urban areas, low education which results in low quality of human resources and lack of access is often the cause of rural poverty. In addition, most of the economies of rural communities rely solely on the traditional agricultural sector. Various poverty reduction policies have been implemented, including village fund policies. This study aims to examine the management of village funds in the Balong sub-district of Madiun Regency with a case study in the villages of Tatung and Karangmojo villages covering the management of village funds in Tatung village and Karangmojo village. Balong Subdistrict and the impact of empowerment in the villages of Tatung and Karangmojo, Balong District. This research was conducted in Balong Subdistrict, Ponorogo Regency with a Case study in Tatung Village and Karangmojo Village with qualitative methods. In the village of Tatung village funds are managed as tourist villages with a focus on Paragliding tourist rides. Whereas in Karangmojo village it is used for Bumdes in the form of Lovebird birds, providing Gapoktan assistance, and infrastructure development.</em></p>

scholarly journals Does the Declining Share of Agricultural Output in GDP Indicate Structural Transformation? The Case of Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5(J)) ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Adisu Abebaw Degu ◽  
Admassu Tesso Huluka
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Relative Decline

It is not uncommon that different government officials and practitioners infer the fallingagricultural share in GDP to the underpinning of structural transformation in an economy. By using variousstudies result and a time series of data spanning from 1981 up to 2017, this paper investigated, whetherthe declining share of agricultural output in GDP is indicating structural transformation or not in Ethiopianeconomy. The study showed that the service is the fastest-growing sector in Ethiopia, and it covers morethan 40% of GDP. The share of agriculture sector was 45% of GDP until 2011, while the industry sector hasbeen stagnating. Thus, it shows how the falling share of the agriculture sector in GDP is being supersededby the service sector. Empirical works also reveal that even though the share of the agricultural sector inGDP is falling, it is the primary source for the overall economic growth of Ethiopia. The share of the ruralpopulation has decreased from 89 percent in 1981 to 80% in the year 2017. So the vast population of thecountry is living in rural areas where agricultural-based activities are common. Lack of labor shift from theagricultural sector to the industrial sector can also be attributed to the insufficient expansion of themodern industrial sector to absorb the growing force labor. Furth more, the demographic transition alsoshowed a relative decline. Since structural transformation involves several interrelated processes, thedeclining share of agriculture output to GDP alone cannot explain the prevalence of structural change; theother processes like; industrialization, urbanization, and demographic transition need to be scrutinized

scholarly journals Determinants of Off-farm Employment Participation of Women in Rural Uganda

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Fang Cheng ◽  
Haisen Zhang ◽  
Nobeji S. Boniphace
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Government

Off-farm employment in rural areas can be a major contributor to rural poverty reduction and decent rural employment. While women are highly active in the agricultural sector, they are less active than men in off-farm employment. This study analyzes the determinants of participation in off-farm employment of women in rural Uganda. The study is based on a field survey conducted in nine districts with the sample size of 1200 individual females. A two-stage Hechman’s sample selection model was applied to capture women’s decision to participate and the level of participation in non-farm economic activities. Summary statistics of the survey data from rural Uganda shows that: i) poverty and non-farm employment has a strong correlation, implying the importance of non-farm employment as a means for poverty reduction; and ii) there is a large gender gap to access non-farm employment, but the gender gap has been significantly reduced from group of older age to younger generation. The econometric results finds that the following factors have a significant influence on women’s participation in off-farm employment: education level of both the individual and household head (positive in both stages); women’s age (negative in both stages); female-headed household (negative in first stage); household head of polygamous marriage (negative in both stages); distance from major town (negative in the first stage); household size (positive in the second stage); dependency ratio (negative in the second stage); access to and use of government extension services (positive in the first stage); access to and use of an agricultural loan (negative in the second stage); and various district dummies variables. The implications of these findings suggest that those policies aimed at enhancing the identified determinants of women off-farm employment can promote income-generating opportunities for women groups in comparable contexts. In order to capitalize on these positive linkages, policies should be designed to improve skills and knowledge by providing education opportunities and increasing access to employment training, assistance services and loans for non-farm activities and by targeting women in female-headed, large and distant households. The government should increase investments in public infrastructure and services, such as roads, telecommunications and emergency support.

scholarly journals Labor market and crisis: an analysis of sectoral segmentation in Brazilian rural

2022 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gomes Mantovani ◽  
Jefferson Andronio Ramundo Staduto ◽  
Carlos Alves do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Bias Correction ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Sample Selection Bias ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Counterfactual Decomposition

Abstract: The article aims to analyze which factors contributed to the inequality across income distribution of Brazilian workers in rural areas, occupied in agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Quantile regression with sample selection bias correction and counterfactual decomposition of income by quantiles were applied, using the microdata from the National Continuous Household Survey (PNAD-C) for the years 2012 and 2019. The results showed that there is income inequality favorable to workers occupied in non-agricultural activities concerning agricultural activities, which is intensive for those with lower incomes, as well as for those with high incomes. The presence of sectorial segmentation was also confirmed, of which the largest portion in 2012 corresponds to the labor market duality. However in 2019, in lower quantiles the segmentation obtained greater explanatory power for the difference in income between the groups, while in higher quantiles the theory of human capital prevailed.

scholarly journals Health shocks and vulnerability to poverty in Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverin Aimé Blanchard Ouadika
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Shocks ◽  
Health Shock ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Future Consumption

AbstractThe analysis of the link between poverty and health status in developing countries is a major focus of development policy. However, few studies, particularly in the Congo, focus on a prospective analysis of poverty and consider the variability of future consumption after a health shock. The objective of this study is to estimate vulnerability to poverty and analyse the factors that lead to a loss of well-being after a health shock in Congo. The study uses data from the 2011 Congolese Household Survey (CHS). Estimation of vulnerability to poverty and modelling of the effect of the health shock on expected future consumption are performed using the three-step feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method. This method is also used to identify the socio-demographic determinants of vulnerability. On average, 26.8% of households are vulnerable to poverty in Congo. Health shocks accentuate this vulnerability. Households living in rural areas are more vulnerable to poverty than those in urban areas. Furthermore, household size and the level of education and marital status of the head of household have an impact on vulnerability. In view of the results obtained, poverty reduction efforts should focus on strategies to develop social safety nets and/or health insurance programmes to stabilize consumption in the event of a health shock in the household.

Migration potential of the post-soviet space as a resource of the Russian rural labor market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ivanovna Semenova ◽  
Vladimir Gennadievich Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Migration Potential

Human resources are the most important factor in the socio-economic development of the econo-my, including the economy of the agricultural sphere (meaning the organic unity of agricultural production and rural areas). In this regard, the authors of the study pay special attention to the analysis of the situation of its staffing, primarily in terms of studying the processes occurring in the human resources potential of mass professions, specialists and managers of agricultural organ-izations in Russia. The analysis was carried out according to the departmental reports of the Min-istry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The article shows the dependence of the agricultur-al labor market, characterized by a shortage of personnel, both mass professions and specialists, on the internal factor (training of personnel) and external (attraction of migrants), examines the modern agricultural labor market, describes the multidirectional trends in the supply of labor both at the expense of migrants and at the expense of the domestic system of professionalization of personnel. It is determined that the outfl ow of rural population within and between the regions of Russia is more extensive than the inflow due to migration exchange with foreign countries, this disparity increases during the pandemic caused by COVID-19 and related social distancing measures. At the same time, despite the constantly observed decline in the number of workers in mass professions in the agro-industrial complex, the availability of jobs is almost at the same lev-el of 93–95 %. It is shown that the income of migrants and the transfer of part of the funds to the countries of emigration have a positive effect on GDP growth and poverty reduction in these countries, and the quality of exported labor also improves. The relationship between rural migration and agricultural production is revealed. As a result of the study, the authors come to the conclu-sion that the state migration policy should stimulate the consolidation of the rural population and the return migration of the urban population to the rural area, and increase the attractiveness of rural areas for resettlement through the formation of unified rural-urban labor markets and agglomerations.

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