Pathways towards Women Empowerment and Determinants of Decent Work Deficit: A South Asian Perspective

This research aims to assess the household and individual-level factors, specifically education, that affect the probability of women being engaged in decent work activities in the labor market. The study utilized the most recent labor force survey data from Pakistan with a sample size of 64,009 women. The research exploits the multinomial logit model (MNL) for data analysis. Several studies exist on the causes of female labor force participation nationally—in Pakistan—and internationally. However, there is a lack of research exploring the link between women’s access to decent work and various household and individual-level characteristics. This study intends to fill this literature gap by exploiting the largest nationwide labor force survey and exploring how household and individual-level factors, specifically focusing on women’s education level, relate to women’s employment status categories. The study’s findings reveal that education plays an essential role in uplifting women for better employment opportunities, i.e., educated women are more likely to be engaged in decent labor market activities such as paid employees and employers. The findings of the study propose some significant policy implications. E.g., (i) since education is the key to open better and decent work opportunities, it is crucial for women and their household heads to invest in education and vocational training; (ii) there is a dire need to have a policy shift in providing women access to at least a higher secondary (HS) level of education in Pakistan. The rationale is that less educated and illiterate women are concentrated in vulnerable employment; and (iii) at a micro level, there is a need to bring awareness among male household heads, specifically in rural areas, to realize that working women should not be considered a social stigma for the household.

Return to education and labor market in Cambodia: evidence form labor force survey 2012 and CSES 2014

This paper mainly estimates the returns to education employing the standard Mincerian function using the latest Cambodian labor force survey 2012, where the dependent variable is the natural logarithm of earnings and independent variables include years of schooling or educational attainment and potential experience. The paper also examines the effect of foreign language skills on earnings. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section examines Cambodia’s labor markets. The second section explores the econometric model, in particular, Mincerian function to estimate returns to education using the latest labor force survey conducted in 2012. We find that for employed persons with an educational level lower than or equal to grade 12 it is about 3.3 percent; but it is higher for males. The annualized rate of return to education for undergraduate level was approximately 17 percent. Regarding language skill, we find that people who hold a bachelor degree and can speak English can earn more than those who can speak only Khmer language. There is also a significant wage gap between bachelor holders and high school certificate holders at a ratio of 1.9.

HOW IS THE INTERNET USAGE PATTERN AMONG WOMEN SELF-EMPLOYED? AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONAL LABOR FORCE SURVEY (SAKERNAS)

Di era digital ini, perempuan cenderung keluar dari pekerjaan formalnya untuk berwirausaha. Mereka masuk ke wirausaha karena menawarkan lebih banyak waktu di rumah sehingga mereka tetap bisa mengurus rumah tangga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola penggunaan Internet yang dilakukan oleh perempuan yang berwirausaha yang sudah menikah. Studi ini menginvestigasi fenomena tersebut dengan menganalisis data Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS) dan mereview berbagai literatur yang sudah ada sebelumnya khususnya mengenai perempuan yang berwirausaha yang memanfaatkan Internet sebagai alat teknologi digital dalam pekerjaannya guna menunjang kinerja usahanya, sedangkan penelitian sebelumnya hanya berfokus pada pengukuran frekuensi. mengakses aplikasi Internet dan mengabaikan status perkawinan mereka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik orang yang menggunakan Internet untuk melakukan pekerjaan utamanya kebanyakan berasal dari daerah perkotaan, tamat pendidikan tingkat SMA, terbilang muda, dan sudah menikah. Adapun perempuan yang berwirausaha baik yang sudah menikah maupun yang belum menikah memiliki kecenderungan mengakses internet agar dapat memberikan kemudahan bagi mereka dalam berkomunikasi dengan konsumen, mempromosikan produk mereka dan bertransaksi dengan konsumen. Kata kunci: perempuan, wirausaha, penggunaan internet

Unemployment dynamics in Italy: a counterfactual analysis at Covid time

This work performs a counterfactual analysis on unemployment dynamics in Italy during the year 2020. In doing so, ARIMA models are estimated and used to make projections for the 2020 quarters. This exercise is performed at population level and for each gender, age and educational groups. Data are from the Italian Labor Force Survey covering the years 2015-2019 at quarterly frequency. Over the quarters of the year 2020, i.e. a time period covered by the Covid-19 pandemic and related restrictions, actual and counterfactual unemployment dynamics are compared. Overall, this work tries to answer to the following question: what would have happened to unemployment dynamics if Covid-19 pandemic and related restrictions would not arise as they did? Results can be informative to policymakers if the ARIMA projections can represent a reference for the aftermath of the pandemic.

Gender Inequality in the Indonesian Labor Market

Indonesia has committed to embody gender equality in the labor market through gender mainstreaming programs in all sectors. Nevertheless, the reality indicates that gender inequality in the labor market still exists. This chapter aims to discuss various issues of gender inequality in the Indonesian labor market in the agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors. The data used for the analysis is the 2016 national labor force survey. The survey covered 82,613 workers with 31,256 of them from the agricultural sector, 14,835 from the manufacturing sector and 36,522 from the services sector. The analysis shows the dominance of male labor in all the sectors with the lowest proportion of female workers occurs in the manufacturing sector (27.1%) followed by the agricultural sector (37.5%) and the services (46.5%). Based on the type of position, men are more dominant in strategic positions in all the three sectors. The highest wage disparity between women and men takes place in the agricultural sector followed by the manufacturing and the services.

Perkembangan Tingkat Pengembalian Investasi Pendidikan Menengah di Indonesia Tahun 2015 dan 2018

This research aims to estimate returns to secondary education in Indonesia, especially senior and vocational high school, and its development in 2015 and 2018. Data from Indonesia National Labor Force Survey (NFLS) 2015 and 2018 are used here. Returns are estimated using Two-Step Heckman Method. The results are, in 2015, returns to senior high school (9,32%) are higher than vocational high school (8,89%). However, in 2018, returns to vocational high school (9,53%) are higher than senior high school (9,41%). This shift is caused by the increasing number of vocational school graduates absorbed in workforce and increasing income of vocational school workforce. -------------------------------- Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan menengah di Indonesia, khususnya jenjang SMA dan SMK, serta perkembangannya pada tahun 2015 dan 2018. Data yang digunakan adalah Data Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (Sakernas) Indonesia tahun 2015 dan 2018. Estimasi tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan dilakukan dengan Metode Two-Step Heckman. Hasilnya, pada tahun 2015, tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan SMA (9,32%) lebih tinggi daripada SMK (8,89%). Namun pada tahun 2018, tingkat pengembalian investasi pendidikan SMK (9,53%) lebih tinggi daripada SMA (9,41%). Pergeseran ini disebabkan oleh semakin banyaknya lulusan SMK yang terserap di lapangan kerja serta meningkatnya penghasilan tenaga kerja lulusan SMK.

PELUANG TERJADINYA PENGANGGURAN DI PROVINSI BENGKULU : SEBERAPA BESAR?

The aim of this research is to analyze how are opportunity occured unemployment based on characteristics of populations in Bengkulu province. Characteristics of populations that used are education, training/course certificate, age, gender, work experience, marital status, status in the family, and area of residence. The analytical method used to achieve this goal is the logistic regression analysis. Type of key data use row data derived from the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) February 2018. The result of the calculation using the program SPSS 20.0 was found that not all the variables of population characteristics significantly affect the chances of unemployment with a confidence level of 95 percent. Education and age are significantly affect of unemployment in Bengkulu Province, while training/course certificate, gender, work experience, marital status, status in the family and area residence are not significantly affect of unemployment in Bengkulu Province. Keywords: Logistic Regression Analysis, National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), Unemployment.

Expanding the Analytical Capacities of the Labour Force Survey

The article formulates a number of recommendations on the areas of expanding the analytical capacities of the National Labor Force Survey with consideration to the European statistics and the needs of the current phase of labor reforms in Ukraine. The first area is about implementing the recommendations of the International Labor Organization No 198 “On Labor Relations” and the updated International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18), which are becoming critically important in view of the announced reform in labor law and liberalization of labor relations. As the Labor Force Survey is the only regular source of information collected from people about their actual status on the labor market, it is supposed to lay the basis for the statistical observation of the processes and implications of the labor relations reform. The program of the National Labor Force Survey has already included the major part of questions providing for the criteria for identifying the status in employment and determining the types of labor relations, but their formulations have to be adapted to the updated labor law. The second area concerns with the deeper processing of the survey results. It is high time to implement seasonal adjustment for the indicators of employment and unemployment. Once the experimental development of Eurostat on the statistics of labor market flows is used, it will enable for analysis and forecasting of the status transitions (employment – unemployment – inactivity) considering the individual characteristics of respondents. The labor life expectancy, estimating one’s potential lifelong participation in the labor market, should be computed for analysis of the comprehensive impact of social and demographic change and interactions of life cycles. The third area concerns with a more sensitive approach to vulnerable groups on the labor market. Due to the demographic change like reduction of the generations in working age and ageing of the population, all the potential reserves of the labor force need to be involved. A large part of them is associated with the groups that are regarded as vulnerable or the ones distanced from the labor market, which need additional measures for activation and support. To this end, it is recommended to extend the program of the National Labor Force Survey by including analytical aspects supposed to provide information about labor market participation and employment characteristics of persons with disabilities and older employees (55–64 years), about opportunities for learning lifelong and combining work and family duties. Also, studies of the analytical capacities of the National Labor Force Survey have to cover in-depth module interviews as a supplement to the core program of regular survey.

Exploring the Complexity of Location Choices of the Creative Class in Europe: Evidence from the EU Labor Force Survey 1995–2010

This paper proposes a new idea for the current argument over Florida’s cultural policies, as location choices of the creative class is a complex process involving some basic aspects of socio-economic progress. Based on the European Labor Force Survey (EU LFE) dataset, tolerance and openness indicators which represent the quality of a “people climate” are found to be positively correlated with the creative class’s location in large regions and less so in smaller ones, where business climate-related parameters, i.e., the quality of local governments and the location of universities, have stronger positive effects on locational choices of the creative class. Moreover, graduates with non-creative jobs and creative professionals (i.e., workers who provide creative solutions during the work process such as high-tech technicians or legal and healthcare workers) are concerned more about the people climate, while creative workers with a degree and a creative core (e.g., workers who provide original ideas such as scientists, engineers and artists) are more likely to prioritize a business climate. Therefore, we argue that the promotion of a “tolerant” climate, as Florida advocates, is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Instead, policy makers should appropriately relate different preferences of creative workers to their unique strengths. This provides more insights into defining the concept of creativity beyond prioritized individual success, as well as understanding the preferences and actual needs of highly skilled workers in Europe.

Wage Inequality, Firm Size and Gender: The Case of CANADA

Using data from the Labor Force Survey, February 2006 and 2019 of Canada, we document a decrease in wage inequality for females and males. In 2006 and 2019, wage inequality in small firms is higher than large firms and much of overall wage inequality occurs within groups (firm size and sex) rather than between groups.