scholarly journals Hydrodynamic Modelling of Floods and Estimating Socio-economic Impacts of Floods in Ugandan River Malaba Sub-catchment

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambrose Mubialiwo ◽  
Adane Abebe ◽  
Nafyad Serre Kawo ◽  
Job Ekolu ◽  
Saralees Nadarajah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Extreme Flow

AbstractRiver Malaba sub-catchment tends to experience dramatic flooding events, with several socio-economic impacts to the nearby communities, such as loss of lives and destructions of physical infrastructure. Analysis of spatiotemporal extents to which settlements, crops and physical infrastructures tend to be inundated are vital for predictive planning of risk-based adaptation measures. This paper presents a case study on flood risk assessment for Ugandan River Malaba sub-catchment. We applied the two-dimensional Hydraulic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (2D HEC-RAS) for modelling of flooding extents. We considered extreme flow quantiles, lower and upper quantiles corresponding to the 95% confidence interval limits aimed at determining uncertainties in the flooding extents. Spatial extents of inundation on human settlement, land cover and infrastructure were analysed with respect to return periods of extreme flow quantiles. Finally, we estimated economic loss on infrastructure due to flooding. Results from the 2D HEC-RAS model were satisfactorily comparable with the results of observations. Amongst the land use types, cropland exhibited the highest vulnerability with at least 10,234.8 hectare (ha) susceptible to flooding event of 100-year return period (YRP). Inundated built-up land-use exhibited the highest vulnerability percentage increase (90%) between 2- and 100-YRP. In US Dollar, about US$ 33 million and US$ 39 million losses are estimated at 2- and 100-YRP, respectively, due to inundated rice gardens and these indicate a looming high risk of household food insecurity and poverty. Several infrastructure including 15 academic institutions, 12 health facilities, 32 worshiping places remain annually vulnerable to flooding. At least 6 km and 7 km of road network are also susceptible to flooding under extreme flows of return periods 2 and 100 years, respectively. Churches exhibited the highest economic losses of US$ 855,065 and US$ 1,623,832 at 2-YRP and 100-YRP, respectively. This study findings are relevant for planning the development of sustainable flood risk adaptation pathways given the established destructions within the sub-catchment due to flooding.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect economic impacts of drought in the agri-food sector in the Ebro River basin (Spain)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2679-2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gil ◽  
A. Garrido ◽  
N. Hernández-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Drought Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts

Abstract. The economic evaluation of drought impacts is essential in order to define efficient and sustainable management and mitigation strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of a drought event on the agricultural sector and measure how they are transmitted from primary production to industrial output and related employment. We fit econometric models to determine the magnitude of the economic loss attributable to water storage. The direct impacts of drought on agricultural productivity are measured through a direct attribution model. Indirect impacts on agricultural employment and the agri-food industry are evaluated through a nested indirect attribution model. The transmission of water scarcity effects from agricultural production to macroeconomic variables is measured through chained elasticities. The models allow for differentiating the impacts deriving from water scarcity from other sources of economic losses. Results show that the importance of drought impacts are less relevant at the macroeconomic level, but are more significant for those activities directly dependent on water abstractions and precipitation. From a management perspective, implications of these findings are important to develop effective mitigation strategies to reduce drought risk exposure.

scholarly journals Estimation of the effects of climate change on flood-triggered economic losses in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1619-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tezuka ◽  
H. Takiguchi ◽  
S. Kazama ◽  
R. Sarukkalige ◽  
A. Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Rainfall Analysis ◽  
Kagoshima Prefecture ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study evaluates the effects of climate change on economic losses due to flood-related damage in Japan. Three selected GCM climate data were downscaled using an analytical method that uses observed precipitation data as the reference resolution. The downscaled climate data were used to estimate extreme rainfall for different return periods. The extreme rainfall estimates were then entered into a two-dimensional (2-D) non-uniform flow model to estimate flood inundation information. A novel technique based on the land use type of the flood area was employed to estimate economic losses due to flood damage. The results of the rainfall analysis shows that at present (in 2000), the Nankai region, the area from Wakayama Prefecture to Kagoshima Prefecture and the mountains of the Japan Alps receive very high extreme rainfall. By 2050, in addition to these areas, the rainfall in the Tokai and Koshinetsu regions will be 1.2 to 1.3 times greater than at present. The flood-related economic loss estimation shows that the relationship between increased extreme rainfall and increased potential economic loss due to flood damage has a nearly linear relationship. The overall variations show that the potential economic loss is greater for the SRES-B1, A2 and A1B scenarios for all return periods. These results clearly show that flood-related economic losses in Japan will increase significantly in the future as a result of climate change.

scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Afshan Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Shafeeq ◽  
Nimra Kirn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

scholarly journals Agricultural Flood Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Quantification in Iowa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enes Yildirim ◽  
Ibrahim Demir
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Inundation Maps ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Flooding Events

Agricultural lands are often impacted by flooding, which results in economic losses and causes food insecurity across the world. Due to the world’s growing population, land-use alteration is frequently practiced to meet global demand. However, land-use changes combined with climate change have resulted in extreme hydrological changes (i.e., flooding and drought) in many areas. The state of Iowa has experienced several flooding events over the last couple of decades (e.g., 1993, 2008, 2014, 2016, 2019). Also, agribusiness is conducted across 85 percent of the state. In this research, we present a comprehensive assessment for agricultural flood risk in the state of Iowa utilizing most up-to-date flood inundation maps and crop layer raster datasets. The study analyzes the seasonal variation of the statewide agricultural flood risk by focusing on corn, soybean, and alfalfa crops. It also investigates the crop frequency layers and corn suitability rating datasets to reveal regions with lower or higher productivity ratings. Additionally, a terrain-based flood model is used to analyze performance against the FEMA maps. The research discusses the potential mitigation activities for the most vulnerable watersheds in the state. The analysis shows that nearly a half-million acres of cornfields and soybean fields are located in the 2-year flood zone. We also found that terrain-based flood maps are a reliable alternative for agricultural flood risk assessment based on their dynamic structure, rapid update capability, and performance compared to FEMA maps.

scholarly journals CONFLICTO SER HUMANO – OSO ANDINO (Tremarctos ornatus ) EN SAN FRANCISCO DE SIGSIPAMBA, PROVINCIA DE IMBABURA, ECUADOR

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Jessica Bazantes-Chamorro ◽  
Nataly Revelo-Morán ◽  
José Moncada-Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Conflict Intensity

ResumenEn Ecuador, el oso andino está en peligro de extinción debido a la reducción de su hábitat por el cambio de áreas naturales a zonas agropecuarias. En la parroquia San Francisco de Sigsipamba, provincia de Imbabura, se reportan casos de depredación de ganado vacuno y daños a cultivos por el oso andino. El objetivo fue analizar el conflicto humano-oso andino en esta zona, mediante el contraste de dos fuentes de información: entrevistas aplicadas a los pobladores afectados en dicha zona y un análisis multitemporal de uso del suelo y cobertura vegetal de los años 1991, 2007 y 2017. Con estos insumos, se elaboró un mapa de zonificación del conflicto. La interacción humano–oso andino en la zona estudiada se consideró de alta intensidad debido a las pérdidas económicas generadas por la muerte de 89 cabezas de ganado vacuno durante el período 2014-2017. La comunidad local priorizó cuatro estrategias para evitar que el conflicto se intensifique y contribuir a conservar al oso andino.Palabras clave: conservación, etnozoología, interacción gente-fauna silvestre, oso de anteojos.AbstractIn Ecuador, the Andean bear is in danger of extinction because of the habitat reduction due to the change of natural areas into agricultural areas. In San Francisco de Sigsipamba, Imbabura province, conflicts are reported for cattle depredation and crops damages. The aim of this study was to analyze the human-Andean bear conflict in this area, contrasting two sources of information: interviews applied to affected inhabitants and a multitemporal analysis of land use and vegetation cover over the years 1991, 2007 and 2017.The conflict turned out to be of high intensity due to the economic loss for to the death of 89 cattle heads between 2014-2017. With this information, a zoning map of the conflict was developed. The interaction bear-human in the studied area can be considered of high intensity due to economic losses because of the death of 89 heads of cattle during the period 2014-2017. Four strategies were prioritized for the local community to reduce the conflict intensity and to contribute to conserve the Andean bear.Key words: conservation, ethnozoology, human-wildlife interaction, spectacled bear.  

scholarly journals Using Climate Factors to Estimate Flood Economic Loss Risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjia Hu ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Daoyi Gong ◽  
Holger Kantz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Precipitation Patterns ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis

AbstractEstimation of economic loss is essential for stakeholders to manage flood risk. Most flooding events are closely related to extreme precipitation, which is influenced by large-scale climate factors. Considering the lagged influence of climate factors, we developed a flood-risk assessment framework and used Hunan Province in China as an example to illustrate the risk assessment process. The main patterns of precipitation—as a connection between climate factors and flood economic losses—were extracted by the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. We identified the correlative climate factors through cross-correlation analysis and established a multiple stepwise linear regression model to forecast future precipitation patterns. Risk assessment was done based on the main precipitation patterns. Because the economic dataset is limited, a Monte Carlo simulation was applied to simulate 1000-year flood loss events under each precipitation regime (rainy, dry, normal years) to obtain aggregate exceedance probability (AEP) and occurrence exceedance probability (OEP) curves. We found that precipitation has a strong influence on economic loss risk, with the highest risk in rainy years. Regional economic development imbalances are the potential reason for the varying economic loss risks in different regions of Hunan Province. As the climate indices with at least several months prediction lead time are strong indicators in predicting precipitation, the framework we developed can estimate economic loss risk several months in advance.

scholarly journals Land Use Vulnerability towards the Flood Risk in Surakarta City

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 01011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Miladan ◽  
Feira Ariani ◽  
Shifa Nurul Indah Pertiwi ◽  
Raafi Setiawan ◽  
Kusumaningdyah Nurul Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Economic Assets

Urban flood risk is one of the frequent disasters in Indonesiancities. It causes the urban vulnerabilities including urban land use, community socio-economic assets, urban infrastructures and buildings. The massive urban land use changes will lead to the increase of flood riskif those changes do not manage properly. In other side, the increase offlood risk is also caused by the land use vulnerability. The assessment ofland use vulnerability on flood risk is an important element to identify theurban socio economic losses. Furthermore, the understanding of land usevulnerability could be an essential aspect for the urban land use plansrelating to the process of urban planning. This study has purpose to assessthe vulnerability of land use on flood risk in Surakarta City. This city hasseveral rivers flowing inside urban areas, and often, the flood occurrencestook place due to overflows of those rivers. This research used thedeductive approach. The data and information provided by the institutionaldocuments, and field observation. The result of the research indicated thatthe hazard level has more influence than the land use vulnerability level inthe calculation of flood risk. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the land usevulnerability level is not certainly linier correlated to the risk level.

scholarly journals Understanding and Assessing Flood Risk Management in Balochestan Iran: With Integrated River Basin Approach, Future Direction

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anwar Zainudini ◽  
Asadollah Sardarzaei
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Many

A holistic perspective on changing rainfall-driven flood risk is provided for the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Balochistan is exposed to different types of floods that cause severe economic losses, damage to infrastructures, and loss of lives. Reliable information on the drivers, patterns and dynamics of flood risk is crucial for the identification, prioritization and planning of risk reduction and adaptation measures. Here, we present a systematic review of existing flood risk assessments in Balochistan. We evaluate the current status, persisting gaps, and challenges regarding the understanding and assessment of flood risk in this large province. A society well-aware of risks must not only give attention to the prevention of flood risks but must also consider disaster management, i.e. minimizing casualties and flood damages, and enhancing recovery. Balochistan has No solid network of levees along any of the rivers that protect the many low-lying polders from flooding, however the government trying to build few in Sarbaz river from Shirgwaz to Kolani and in Kajo river from Kalat to Dalgan. Well, nature is unpredictable, extreme events may happen, and absolute protection against flooding cannot be offered. It is common practice to perform technical and economic analyses to determine the feasibility of flood protection plans and also institutional and administrative aspects are addressed. But how the people that live in the polders feel about the flood risk and protection plans seldom gets attention.

Fertiliser evenness - losses and costs: A study on the economic benefits of uniform applications of fertiliser

1999 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Horrell ◽  
A.K. Metherell ◽  
S. Ford ◽  
C. Doscher
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Spread Pattern ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Seed Crops

Over two million tonnes of fertiliser are applied to New Zealand pastures and crops annually and there is an increasing desire by farmers to ensure that the best possible economic return is gained from this investment. Spreading distribution measurements undertaken by Lincoln Ventures Ltd (LVL) have identified large variations in the evenness of fertiliser application by spreading machines which could lead to a failure to achieve optimum potential in some crop yields and to significant associated economic losses. To quantify these losses, a study was undertaken to calculate the effect of uneven fertiliser application on crop yield. From LVL's spreader database, spread patterns from many machines were categorised by spread pattern type and by coefficient of variation (CV). These patterns were then used to calculate yield losses when they were combined with the response data from five representative cropping and pastoral situations. Nitrogen fertiliser on ryegrass seed crops shows significant production losses at a spread pattern CV between 30% and 40%. For P and S on pasture, the cumulative effect of uneven spreading accrues, until there is significant economic loss occurring by year 3 for both the Waikato dairy and Southland sheep and beef systems at CV values between 30% and 40%. For nitrogen on pasture, significant loss in a dairy system occurs at a CV of approximately 40% whereas for a sheep and beef system it is at a CV of 50%, where the financial return from nitrogen application has been calculated at the average gross revenue of the farming system. The conclusion of this study is that the current Spreadmark standards are a satisfactory basis for defining the evenness requirements of fertiliser applications in most circumstances. On the basis of Spreadmark testing to date, more than 50% of the national commercial spreading fleet fails to meet the standard for nitrogenous fertilisers and 40% fails to meet the standard for phosphatic fertilisers.Keywords: aerial spreading, crop response, economic loss, fertiliser, ground spreading, striping, uneven application, uneven spreading, yield loss

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