scholarly journals Distributed responsibility in human–machine interactions

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Attributions Of Responsibility ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
Human Side

AbstractArtificial agents have become increasingly prevalent in human social life. In light of the diversity of new human–machine interactions, we face renewed questions about the distribution of moral responsibility. Besides positions denying the mere possibility of attributing moral responsibility to artificial systems, recent approaches discuss the circumstances under which artificial agents may qualify as moral agents. This paper revisits the discussion of how responsibility might be distributed between artificial agents and human interaction partners (including producers of artificial agents) and raises the question of whether attributions of responsibility should remain entirely on the human side. While acknowledging a crucial difference between living human beings and artificial systems culminating in an asymmetric feature of human–machine interactions, this paper investigates the extent to which artificial agents may reasonably be attributed a share of moral responsibility. To elaborate on criteria that can justify a distribution of responsibility in certain human–machine interactions, the role of types of criteria (interaction-related criteria and criteria that can be deferred from socially constructed responsibility relationships) is examined. Thereby, the focus will lay on the evaluation of potential criteria referring to the fact that artificial agents surpass in some aspects the capacities of humans. This is contrasted with socially constructed responsibility relationships that do not take these criteria into account. In summary, situations are examined in which it seems plausible that moral responsibility can be distributed between artificial and human agents.

The role and relationship of mindreading and social attunement in HRI – position statements of interdisciplinary researchers. Workshop HRI'20

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wykowska ◽  
Jairo Pérez-Osorio ◽  
Stefan Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This booklet is a collection of the position statements accepted for the HRI’20 conference workshop “Social Cognition for HRI: Exploring the relationship between mindreading and social attunement in human-robot interaction” (Wykowska, Perez-Osorio & Kopp, 2020). Unfortunately, due to the rapid unfolding of the novel coronavirus at the beginning of the present year, the conference and consequently our workshop, were canceled. On the light of these events, we decided to put together the positions statements accepted for the workshop. The contributions collected in these pages highlight the role of attribution of mental states to artificial agents in human-robot interaction, and precisely the quality and presence of social attunement mechanisms that are known to make human interaction smooth, efficient, and robust. These papers also accentuate the importance of the multidisciplinary approach to advance the understanding of the factors and the consequences of social interactions with artificial agents.

scholarly journals The role of spiritual formation in the education of modern human beings: A European Christian perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin V. Necula
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Christian Formation ◽  
Orthodox Christianity ◽  
Christian Perspective ◽  
Post Communism ◽  
Spiritual Resistance

One of the most considerable changes in the contemporary European educational mentality is a person’s disconnection from spiritual life. Christian formation has been replaced with religious pluralism, in terms of syncretism influenced by global economic ideologies. Some consequences are low resilience and low spiritual resistance to contemporary challenges, associated with mental traumas or social behaviour deficits. Is it possible to restore the modern person’s spiritual education? There is no evolution in the modern individual’s social life without a horizon of spiritual expectation and fulfilment, different from the strictly material one. Moreover, conscious education cannot deprive people of cultivating the spiritual part of their consciousness from which the real values of existence are born. A series of arguments for renewing the relation between school and the mature, Scripture-based Christian thinking in the spirit of the European pedagogy are revealed by the factual historical analyses. Both Eastern and Western European experiences have met after 13 years of evolving into two antagonist geopolitical spheres. Their lessons in the education field could be an appropriate model, academically applied at the cultural mentality and the European pedagogy level.Contribution: With this study, I want to highlight the historical and conceptual frameworks of the Christian religious education meaning in the context of the rediscovery of Orthodox Christianity by the international theological culture in post-communism. Orthodox Christianity, forgotten in dictionaries and syntheses by the Western theological elite, brings in a spiritualisation of education according to the Lord Jesus Christ’s Gospel and not of the ideological cultural interests.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
New Work ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Right Action ◽  
Evaluative Beliefs ◽  
Moral Advice ◽  
Normative Ethical Theory

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics features new work in the field of normative ethical theory. This eighth volume features chapters which collectively address the following topics: the irreplaceable value of human beings, interpersonal morality and conceptions of welfare, what it is for something to be good for an animal (including humans), the relation between good will and right action, moral advice and joint agency, moral responsibility and wrongdoing, the basis of equality, the role of needs claims in ethical theory, threshold conceptions of deontology, prudential reasons, the significance of evaluative beliefs, and Stoic conceptions of insults....

THE BENTHAM BROTHERS’ PANOPTICON. A MYTHICAL MONSTER OR A USEFUL PROJECT?

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Sergei G. Lukovenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
Big Brother ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The Will ◽  
And Control

The article analyzes the concept of the Panopticon and panoptic space, developed in the 18th century by Samuel and Jeremy Bentham. The po- pular image of the “mechanism” is presented as one of the “monsters” of dysto- pian thought, similar to “Big Brother”. Contrary to the original idea, the Pan- opticon and panoptic architecture in general have become synonymous with the exploitation and suppression of the will of human beings. The historical context of the appearance of the Panopticon concept and its philosophical core are considered. There are two “insights” that reveal the immanent connection of two elements of social life – the power and knowledge. In the concept of the Panopticon, the role of the cognizing gaze in the named connection, as an act of domination and control, was captured and reflected. In an era of accomplished digital expansion, when surveillance practices have become a mass phenome- non, the Panopticon can and should be rethought. It is shown that, contrary to popular beliefs, the “insights” of the Panopticon can become a “road map” for informational civilization. A culture, in which the imperative gaze has become a mass phenomenon, needs its own “panoptic” tools that can protect people from the abuse of power by the anti-panoptic overseers of the 21st century.

Enhancing Care

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Teodora Manea
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Ethics Of Care ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Care Approach ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIf moral enhancement is possible, the caring capacity of human beings should be considered one of the first and most important traits for augmentation. To assess the plausibility of enhancing care, I will explore how the concept and its associated human dispositions are socially constructed, and identify some of the critical points and complexities. Scientific advances regarding neuro-enhancing substances that allegedly make humans more caring will be considered and assessed against the main principles that govern the ethics of care approach. I argue that given the relational and contextual nature of care, its enhancement, if targeted at the individual level, can be more disadvantageous than helpful, by overlooking the “webs of care” people are situated in, and the role of social institutions in shaping behaviours, duties, attitudes, and principles.

ROLE OF WAR IN SOCIAL LIFE. PART I - WAR IN PRE-MODERN HISTORICAL THOUGHT

2012 ◽  
Vol 164 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Janusz ŚWINIARSKI ◽  
Marian MARCINKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Thought

At the beginning the authors present two opposing trends related to the understanding of the nature and the role of war in society: first, that these phenomena are embedded in the nature of human beings and humanity (which means that without war there is no human being, culture and civilization, its life, society or state, so war is natural and necessary for life); second, war is not embedded in human nature, is a distortion in community life and relations between people; this means that if wars occur, they show the degradation of human beings and society. These trends are observed in the eternal debate on war and the authors show numerous examples in which war is perceived in this way.

Artificial Agents in Natural Moral Communities: A Brief Clarification

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-458
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Tigard
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Moral Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral Attitudes

AbstractWhat exactly is it that makes one morally responsible? Is it a set of facts which can be objectively discerned, or is it something more subjective, a reaction to the agent or context-sensitive interaction? This debate gets raised anew when we encounter newfound examples of potentially marginal agency. Accordingly, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and the idea of “novel beings” represent exciting opportunities to revisit inquiries into the nature of moral responsibility. This paper expands upon my article “Artificial Moral Responsibility: How We Can and Cannot Hold Machines Responsible” and clarifies my reliance upon two competing views of responsibility. Although AI and novel beings are not close enough to us in kind to be considered candidates for the same sorts of responsibility we ascribe to our fellow human beings, contemporary theories show us the priority and adaptability of our moral attitudes and practices. This allows us to take seriously the social ontology of relationships that tie us together. In other words, moral responsibility is to be found primarily in the natural moral community, even if we admit that those communities now contain artificial agents.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB ETIS PERUSAHAAN DALAM MENJAGA KEBERLAJUTAN PEMBANGUNAN

KRITIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91
Author(s):  
Ricky Arnold Nggili
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Business People ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Relationship

Business ethics bring business back to substantially. The essence to ensure their common prosperity and continuity for life next. Business ethics involves not only the role business people, but also involves the role of government and society. Doing business with ethics placing as human beings, civilized and cultured. Doing business with ethics placed man as beings who are able to work together, sensitivity and concern as well as creatures full responsibilities moral responsibility. The relationship between business, society and government will be harmonious, and able to continue the development of the Indonesian people who are responsible, if the company is conducting its activities in an ethical manner.

scholarly journals Getting the Mix Right Again: An Updated and Theoretical Rationale for Interaction

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Theoretical Rationale

No topic raises more contentious debate among educators than the role of interaction as a crucial component of the education process. This debate is fueled by surface problems of definition and vested interests of professional educators, but is more deeply marked by epistemological assumptions relative to the role of humans and human interaction in education and learning. The seminal article by Daniel and Marquis (1979) challenged distance educators to get the mixture right between independent study and interactive learning strategies and activities. They quite rightly pointed out that these two primary forms of education have differing economic, pedagogical, and social characteristics, and that we are unlikely to find a “perfect” mix that meets all learner and institutional needs across all curricula and content. Nonetheless, hard decisions have to be made. Even more than in 1979, the development of newer, cost effective technologies and the nearly ubiquitous (in developed countries) Net-based telecommunications system is transforming, at least, the cost and access implications of getting the mix right. Further, developments in social cognitive based learning theories are providing increased evidence of the importance of collaborative activity as a component of all forms of education – including those delivered at a distance. Finally, the context in which distance education is developed and delivered is changing in response to the capacity of the semantic Web (Berners-Lee, 1999) to support interaction, not only amongst humans, but also between and among autonomous agents and human beings. Thus, the landscape and challenges of “getting the mix right” have not lessened in the past 25 years, and, in fact, have become even more complicated. This paper attempts to provide a theoretical rationale and guide for instructional designers and teachers interested in developing distance education systems that are both effective and efficient in meeting diverse student learning needs.

scholarly journals V.S. Solovyov on the Correlation between Economy and Morality: Modern Aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
A.A. Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Corporate Social

The processes of the development of a market economy, entailing the commercialization in all spheres of social life, raise the question of the correlation between the role of human beings as economic subjects and our role as moral beings. In economics, this this issue is associated with the discussion about the way norms pervade economic theory, expressed in the dichotomy between holistic and individualistic methods. The scope of the influence of governmental bodies and large corporate structures on the socio-economic, cultural and natural environment highlights the philosophical problem of applying moral criteria to collective economic actors, which is reflected in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The author, in this paper, opines that the question of introducing ethical principles into economic practice cannot be entirely resolved within the framework of economic theory and requires an appeal to moral philosophy. The problem of the correlation between the economic and the moral spheres is considered on the basis of V.S. Solovyov’s work “The Justification of the Good”. The principal economic ideas stated in this work are discussed in the context of assessments by past and present researchers, of economic history, and of philosophical and economic-managerial conceptions. The author presents a comparative analysis of V.S. Solovyov’s ideas about the correlation between economics and morality and the principal ideas behind corporate social responsibility. The author reveals axiological and teleological differences between the two conceptions. Whereas V.S. Solovyov deals with moral and religious categories and notions of progress, the concept of corporate social responsibility is based on economic and legal priorities and is focused on sustainable development. At the same time, the similarities identified between the concepts (such as their complex nature, the acknowledgement of the role of moral principles of the economic participants, the importance of environmental issues and legal regulators) lead us to conclude about the possibility of their further convergence and the surmounting of the limitations of corporate social responsibility based on the teachings of V.S. Solovyov.

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