A method for calculating the angle of incidence of the direct beam of the sun on a plane surface of any slope and aspect

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Gloyne
Keyword(s):  
Plane Surface ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Beam

Sun Load Analysis and Testing on Automotive Front Lighting Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Emre Öztürk ◽  
Mehmet Aktaş ◽  
Tunç Şenyüz
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Automotive Lighting ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Plastic Parts ◽  
Load Simulation

The purpose of this research is to reach good correlation between sun load simulation and solar focusing test for exterior automotive lighting products. Light coming from sun is highly collimated (parallel rays) and focusable from lenses with concave structure. Focusing incidence leads to a hot spot on lens surrounding plastic parts which may cause melting failures at high temperature zones. Sun load simulation is performing to eliminate risk of discoloration, deformation, out gassing, coating failures and fire with prolonged exposure from field. Irradiance values in W/m2 defined in simulation as heat source depending of an angle of incidence of the sun radiation. At first step, simulation is performing with 5 degree intervals to define the critical zones then intervals decreased to 2 degree to detect the critical azimuth and inclination angles. Critical azimuth and inclination angles is checking with ray trace analysis to check the bouncing of sun rays and possible solution to eliminate focuses with design solutions. After numerical analysis to release and validate the automotive lighting products regarding the sun load test, measurement with first parts is necessary. Measurement is performing for all critical angles which have been detected at simulation with thermal camera under ultra high-collimation solar simulator. Measured temperatures are settled according to environment conditions and correlation is checking with simulations.

scholarly journals Solar Tracker

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Irfan Danial Hashim ◽  
Ammar Asyraf Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Arief Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Solar Tracker ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth

Solar Tracker The generation of power from the reduction of fossil fuels is the biggest challenge for the next half century. The idea of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels holds its place in the front row compared to other renewable sources. But the continuous change in the relative angle of the sun with reference to the earth reduces the watts delivered by solar panel. Conventional solar panel, fixed with a certain angle, limits their area of exposure from the sun due to rotation of the earth. Output of the solar cells depends on the intensity of the sun and the angle of incidence. To solve this problem, an automatic solar cell is needed, where the Solar Tracker will track the motion of the sun across the sky to ensure that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panels throughout the day. By using Light Dependent Resistors, it will navigate the solar panel to get the best angle of exposure of light from the sun.

scholarly journals Reflection at Free Surface in Micropolar Thermoelastic Solid with two Temperatures

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Plane Waves ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Amplitude Ratios ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Generalized Thermoelastic ◽  
Thermoelastic Solid

The present investigation is concerned with the effect of two temperatures on reflection coefficients in a micropolar thermoelastic solid half space. With two relaxation times, reflection of plane waves impinging obliquely at a plane interface of the micropolar generalized thermoelastic solid half space with two temperatures is investigated. The incident wave is assumed to be striking at the plane surface after propagating through the micropolar generalized thermoelastic solid with two temperatures. Amplitude ratios of the various reflected waves are obtained in closed form and it is found that these are functions of angle of incidence, frequency and are affected by the elastic properties of the media. The effect of two temperatures is shown on these amplitude ratios for a specific model.

Propagation of Elastic Waves at Micropolar Viscoelastic Solid/Fluid-Saturated Incompressible Porous Solid Interface

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (08) ◽  
pp. 1850076 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Barak ◽  
Vinod Kaliraman
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
Incident Wave ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Porous Solid ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Amplitude Ratios ◽  
Viscoelastic Solid ◽  
Micropolar Viscoelastic Solid

The present paper concerned with the reflection and transmission of plane wave from a plane surface separating a micropolar viscoelastic solid (MVES) half-space and a fluid-saturated (FS) incompressible porous solid half-space is studied. A longitudinal wave ([Formula: see text]-wave) or transverse wave (SV-wave) impinges obliquely at the interface. Amplitude ratios for various reflected and transmitted waves have been obtained with the help of boundary conditions at the interface. Then, these amplitude ratios have been computed numerically for a specific model and results thus obtained are shown graphically with the angle of incidence of the incident wave. It is found that these amplitude ratios depend on the angle of incidence of the incident wave as well as on the properties of media. From the present investigation, a special case, when FS porous half-space reduces to empty porous solid and MVES half-space reduces to micropolar elastic solid, has also been deduced and discussed with the help of graphs.

scholarly journals On the diffraction of light incident at nearly the critical angle on the boundary between two media

1921 ◽  
Vol 99 (701) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Angle ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Plane Boundary ◽  
Mercury Vapour ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
Pass Through

When a parallel pencil of monochromatic light falls at nearly the critical angle on the plane boundary between two media of differing refractive index, and emerges in the rarer medium in a direction almost parallel to the surface of separation, the aperture of the emergent pencil becomes greatly restricted. A study of the diffraction phenomena observed in this limiting case of oblique emergence seems of interest, especially in view of the fact that in the Lummer-Gehrcke interference spectroscope we have an actual case of importance in which such obliquely emergent pencils determined the observed phenomena. Some preliminary work on this subject was carried out by Prof. C. V. Raman, and at his suggestion the author of the present paper undertook a detailed experimental investigation of the case with a view to establishing its principal features. So far as the writer is aware, though the theory of the parallel-plate interferometer in its essentials is well known, the special character of the diffraction phenomena observed with pencils very obliquely refracted at a plane surface had not been discussed previously. It is proposed in the present paper to describe the results obtained by the writer, some of the observations (to be mentioned below) having special reference to the theory of the Lummer-Gehrcke plate. 2. Experimental Methods and Results . The general features of the case may be observed on an ordinary spectrometer. It is well known that an ordinary prismatic spectroscope may be so adjusted as to give very large dispersions, by putting the prism on the table of the instrument in such a position that the light incident on the first face, after passing through it, falls at nearly the critical angle of incidence on the second face and emerges nearly grazing the surface. The lines in the spectrum then appear very widely separated, and also strongly curved, owing to the fact that pencils of light from different points on the slit of the collimator do not all pass through the principal plane of the prism. In his investigation of the optical power of spectroscopes, Lord Rayleigh has remarked that the resolving power of the prism in the position referred to above is no greater than at other positions. The width of the beam emerging from the prism tends to zero as the grazing position is approached, and the spectrum lines are much widened by diffraction. This sets off the effect of the increased dispersion on the resolving power. Owing to the great dispersion and the enfeeblement of the light in oblique transmission, a very powerful source of monochromatic light is necessary for satisfactory observation of the diffraction phenomena. A Westinghouse quartz silica lamp is most suitable, though visual observations may also easily be made with a glass Cooper-Hewitt mercury-vapour lamp. Observations are made on the green line of the spectrum. In order to secure an extended diffraction-pattern, it is advantageous to use something less than the full aperture of the prism to start with, cutting it down by one or more slits having their edges parallel to the slit of the collimator. The position of the slits is a matter of indifference, so long as the aperture of the beam is cut down before it emerges or just as it emerges from the second surface of the prism, and not after it has emerged. The simplest arrangement is to limit the aperture of the beam by a slit or slits immediately before entry into the prism. Another arrangement would be to use a hollow prism, filled with liquid, and to put the slit or slits inside the prism, so as to limit the aperture of the beam just before incidence on the second face. A third arrangement is to use a glass prism the aperture of the second face of which has been reduced by grinding down to the desired width with parallel edges. All the arrangements give identical results.

Numerical Modeling of Solar Radiation Heat Transfer for a Truck Cabin

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 742-747
Author(s):  
S. Senthilkumar ◽  
K. Ramkumar ◽  
M. Velshankar ◽  
S. Karthikeyan ◽  
D. Parthipan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Radiation Heat ◽  
Abrupt Increase ◽  
Vehicle Cabin ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Materials Used

The temperature inside the vehicle cabin will be higher than the outside environment temperature in parked conditions due to radiative effects. This increased temperature is not uniformly spread within the driver cabin due to absorption capacities of the various materials used for construction and the angle of incidence of the incoming radiation. The objective of the work is to predict the accumulation of heat inside the cabin numerically and find hotspots throughout the cabin. The path of the sun in different seasons and timings on a particular location was calculated and is implemented for the angle of incidence of radiation on the cabin. The investigation provides the variations of temperature, transmitted solar radiation and amount of absorption by various components that are subjected to assessment. Thus the major contributing factor for the abrupt increase in temperature was found.

scholarly journals On the reflexion of sound from a porous surface

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (771) ◽  
pp. 407-419 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Incident Energy ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Primary Wave ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Total Reflexion ◽  
State Of Affairs

When sound-waves impinge on a plane surface forming the boundary between two media of different mechanical properties, part of the incident energy is reflected and part is transmitted as a refracted wave, the sum of the energies of the reflected and refracted waves being equal to the energy of the incident wave. The proportion of the incident energy which is reflected depends not only on the mechanical properties of the two media, but also on the angle of incidence of the primary wave. If the first medium is air and the second a liquid or continuous solid, by far the greater part of the incident sound-energy is reflected. For example, if the second medium is water, 99·9 per cent. of the energy of the primary wave is reflected at normal incidence, while if the angle of incidence exceeds 13 degrees the refracted wave becomes evanescent, and total reflexion occurs. If the second medium is not continuous, but of a porous nature, a somewhat different state of affairs ensues. The boundary between the two media is no longer well defined, for the first medium (air) can penetrate into the pores of the second medium and reflexion is then accompanied by a motion of the air in and out of the pores. Examples of porous substances of the kind con­templated are the various “acoustic plasters” produced in recent years for the rapid absorption of sound in auditoria, when the reverberation is found to be in excess of that demanded by good taste. Other examples, of a rather different sort, are hairfelt, carpets and similar materials.

scholarly journals Optimal Tilt and Orientation Angles in Fixed Flat Surfaces to Maximize the Capture of Solar Insolation: A Case Study in Ecuador

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4546
Author(s):  
Xavier Serrano-Guerrero ◽  
Eduardo Cantos ◽  
Juan-Javier Feijoo ◽  
Antonio Barragán-Escandón ◽  
Jean-Michel Clairand
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Insolation ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Electrical Power Output ◽  
Pv Generation

Due to the increasing attention of PV generation, and to the uncertainty of the real PV electrical power output, power system are facing planning challenges. Hence, this case report proposes a computer application that determines the optimal tilt and orientation angles of flat surfaces to maximize solar insolation capture based on existing mathematical models. The study uses data from different meteorological variables measured and estimated through a typical year from the most populated Ecuador cities. The computer application considers the global, diffuse, direct, reflected radiation, and the angle of incidence of the sun. This analysis reveals the angle of inclination and orientation where the highest percentage of insolation is obtained in Ecuador’s main cities. The results suggest that, in Ecuador, flat solar capture surfaces can be oriented between 20° and 60° concerning north, and with tilt angles between 12° and 19°. This contrasts with the literature, which recommends an orientation to the equator and an inclination equal to the location’s latitude.

Adjustment of basking postures in the high-altitude Iberian rock lizard (Lacerta monticola)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Martín ◽  
Pilar López ◽  
Luis M. Carrascal ◽  
Alfredo Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Rock Lizard

We studied the relationships between thermoregulatory basking postures and heating rates in the Iberian rock lizard (Lacerta monticola). Heating rates were high when body size was small, the substrate temperature was high, and the angle of incidence of the sun's rays was high (i.e., the rays were perpendicular to the lizard's body). However, heating rates were not related to the compass orientation of lizard's body axis to the sun (perpendicular versus in line with the sun). In the field, the slopes of the body axis of basking individuals were higher during the early morning. However, neither the cardinal orientation of a lizard's body axis to the sun nor the frequency of flattening varied during the morning. Postural adjustments to select an adequate angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the dorsal part of the body suggest that this behaviour might enhance absorption of solar radiation.

scholarly journals Factors of photovoltaic system cost affect in Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Janner Leonel Santos Mantuano ◽  
Mario Javier Carreño Vera ◽  
Ever Nevárez Cedeño
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Hours ◽  
The Impact

A photovoltaic system is a set of devices that take advantage of the energy produced by the sun and convert it into electrical energy. The impact produced by the possibility of using solar energy in a controlled manner for different uses and purposes has allowed the development of complete systems of transformation, storage and distribution of the energy produced with photovoltaic systems as appropriate. The production of electricity from solar radiation using solar cells and photovoltaic panels is an application that has yet fully disseminated in Third World countries, such as Ecuador. The generation of electric power will depend on the hours that the sun shines and affects the solar panel, the type and quantity of modules installed, orientation, inclination, solar radiation that reaches them, quality of the installation and the power that can be delivered to the user. Ecuador is in a privileged location in terms of solar radiation, because the equatorial line that divides the planet into two hemispheres passes through it, being almost perpendicular to the radiation it receives. In addition, this does not change during the year and there a constant angle of incidence, characteristics that give photovoltaic solar energy a great potential for use. In the investigation, an analysis of how the prices of photovoltaic systems affect the Province of Manabí, the methodology used has been the bibliographic review to know as much as possible about what replenishes the costs of photovoltaic systems.

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