High water content versus low water content—Does monthly replacement affect the difference?

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Wild ◽  
Ross Grant ◽  
Tim Grant ◽  
Bill Long
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
The Difference

A method to estimate the pre-eruptive water content of basalts: Application to the Wudalianchi–Erkeshan–Keluo volcanic field, Northeastern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yankun Di ◽  
Wei Tian ◽  
Mimi Chen ◽  
Zefeng Li ◽  
Zhuyin Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
High Water ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Magma Ascent ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Silica Activity ◽  
Igneous Provinces ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Water plays an important role in the generation and evolution of volcanic systems. However, the direct measurement of the pre-eruption water content of subaerial volcanic rocks is difficult, because of the degassing during magma ascent. In this study, we developed a method to calculate the pre-eruption water content of the basalts from the Cenozoic Wudalianchi–Erkeshan–Keluo (WEK) potassic volcanic field, Northeastern China, and investigated their mantle source. A water-insensitive clinopyroxene–melt thermobarometer and a water-sensitive silica activity thermobarometer were applied to these basalts. Two pressure-temperature (P-T) paths of the ascending magma were calculated using these two independent thermobarometers, with a similar P-T slope but clear offset. By adjusting the water content used in the calculation, the difference between the two P-T paths was minimized, and the water content of the WEK melts was estimated to be 4.5 ± 1.2 wt% at a pressure range of 10.1–13.5 kbar, corresponding to depths of 37–47 km. Degassing modeling shows that during the magma ascent from below the Moho to near the surface, CO2 was predominantly degassed, while the melt H2O content kept stable. Significant H2O degassing occurred until the magma ascended to 5–2 kbar. The silica activity P–T estimates of the most primary WEK samples suggest that the magmas were generated by the melting of convective mantle, which was probably facilitated by a wet upwelling plume from the mantle transition zone. The high water content found in the WEK basalts is similar to the recent reports on Phanerozoic intraplate large igneous provinces (LIPs) and supports the presence of hydrated deep mantle reservoirs as one possible source of the LIPs.

Formation of the crystal structure of Lyocell fiber during drying 2nd ICC 2007, Tokyo, Japan, October 25–29, 2007

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyuan Wei ◽  
Gesheng Yang ◽  
Yaoxin Tian ◽  
Huili Shao ◽  
Xuechao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Water Content ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Spinning Process ◽  
Lyocell Fiber ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Lyocell fiber, a new type of regenerated cellulose fiber, is produced by an environmentally friendly dry-wet spinning process without hazardous byproducts. In order to prepare high performance Lyocell fiber, the formation of crystal structure of never dried (n.d.) Lyocell fiber and the difference of crystal structures between n.d. Lyocell fiber and rewetted Lyocell fiber was investigated by wide angle X-ray diffractometry. The results showed that the supramolecular order of n.d. Lyocell fiber with high water content was not fully developed and, accordingly, the paracrystalline moiety of the of fibers was very high. The crystallinity and lateral order increased with the decreasing water content. When water content of n.d. Lyocell fiber was less than 35%, most paracrystalline structures in the fiber turned into crystalline structures. On the other hand, it was found that once the crystal structure of Lyocell fiber was formed, it could not be destroyed by rewetting. This finding indicates that only the crystal structure of Lyocell fiber could be changed. By heat treatment of n.d. Lyocell fiber, the mechanical properties of the fiber were improved effectively.

scholarly journals PREFERENSI BEBERAPA JENIS PATI DALAM PENGGUNAANNYA SEBAGAI EDIBLE COATING

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
. Mirnawati ◽  
. Seveline
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Edible Coating ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Ps I ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference

Melon is a type of fruit that has a high water content. High water content causes limited fruit storage, therefore it is necessary to preserve it to maintain the freshness of the melon. One method that can maintain the freshness of the fruit is edible coating. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of organolepic melons given starch-based edible coatings from several types of tubers, namely cassava, canna, and lesser yam. This study used factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the difference in CMC with a concentration of 1% and 1.5%. The second factor is the difference in glycerol with a concentration of 1% and 3%. The results of the study based on the ANOVA test showed that the type of starch treatment and the concentration between treatments did not have a significant effect on the texture, color, and aftertaste of the melon, but significantly affected the taste and aroma of the melon. So it can be concluded that from all edible coating formulations, panelists preferred the PS I formulation (cassava starch) with 1% CMC concentration and 1% glycerol.Keywords: cassava, canna, edible coating, lesser yam, melons

Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Xu ◽  
Shujun Dong ◽  
Yuping Han ◽  
Shuqiang Li ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

Microwave-Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Embedded Explosives Detection in High-Water Content Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 4803-4810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Wang ◽  
Tao Qin ◽  
Yexian Qin ◽  
Ahmed H. Abdelrahman ◽  
Russell S. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Explosives Detection ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Thermoacoustic Imaging

scholarly journals Deep mantle melting, global water circulation and its implications for the stability of the ocean mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-ichiro Karato ◽  
Bijaya Karki ◽  
Jeffrey Park
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Mantle Melting ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Mineral Physics ◽  
Deep Mantle ◽  
Global Water

AbstractOceans on Earth are present as a result of dynamic equilibrium between degassing and regassing through the interaction with Earth’s interior. We review mineral physics, geophysical, and geochemical studies related to the global water circulation and conclude that the water content has a peak in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) with a value of 0.1–1 wt% (with large regional variations). When water-rich MTZ materials are transported out of the MTZ, partial melting occurs. Vertical direction of melt migration is determined by the density contrast between the melts and coexisting minerals. Because a density change associated with a phase transformation occurs sharply for a solid but more gradually for a melt, melts formed above the phase transformation depth are generally heavier than solids, whereas melts formed below the transformation depth are lighter than solids. Consequently, hydrous melts formed either above or below the MTZ return to the MTZ, maintaining its high water content. However, the MTZ water content cannot increase without limit. The melt-solid density contrast above the 410 km depends on the temperature. In cooler regions, melting will occur only in the presence of very water-rich materials. Melts produced in these regions have high water content and hence can be buoyant above the 410 km, removing water from the MTZ. Consequently, cooler regions of melting act as a water valve to maintain the water content of the MTZ near its threshold level (~ 0.1–1.0 wt%). Mass-balance considerations explain the observed near-constant sea-level despite large fluctuations over Earth history. Observations suggesting deep-mantle melting are reviewed including the presence of low-velocity anomalies just above and below the MTZ and geochemical evidence for hydrous melts formed in the MTZ. However, the interpretation of long-term sea-level change and the role of deep mantle melting in the global water circulation are non-unique and alternative models are reviewed. Possible future directions of studies on the global water circulation are proposed including geodynamic modeling, mineral physics and observational studies, and studies integrating results from different disciplines.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Woody and Agricultural Biomass: Influence of the Presence of Water Vapor in the Gaseous Atmosphere

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
María González Martínez ◽  
Estéban Hélias ◽  
Gilles Ratel ◽  
Sébastien Thiéry ◽  
Thierry Melkior
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomass Degradation ◽  
Moist Atmosphere ◽  
Thermochemical Transformation ◽  
Degradation Reactions

Biomass preheating in torrefaction at an industrial scale is possible through a direct contact with the hot gases released. However, their high water-content implies introducing moisture (around 20% v/v) in the torrefaction atmosphere, which may impact biomass thermochemical transformation. In this work, this situation was investigated for wheat straw, beech wood and pine forest residue in torrefaction in two complementary experimental devices. Firstly, experiments in chemical regime carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) showed that biomass degradation started from lower temperatures and was faster under a moist atmosphere (20% v/v water content) for all biomass samples. This suggests that moisture might promote biomass components’ degradation reactions from lower temperatures than those observed under a dry atmosphere. Furthermore, biomass inorganic composition might play a role in the extent of biomass degradation in torrefaction in the presence of moisture. Secondly, torrefaction experiments on a lab-scale device made possible to assess the influence of temperature and residence time under dry and 100% moist atmosphere. In this case, the difference in solid mass loss between dry and moist torrefaction was only significant for wheat straw. Globally, an effect of water vapor on biomass transformation through torrefaction was observed (maximum 10%db), which appeared to be dependent on the biomass type and composition.

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