Efficiency of U.S. State EPA Emission Rate Goals for 2030

2016 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Greg N. Gregoriou ◽  
Vikash Ramiah
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate

scholarly journals Tailoring the Geometry of Bottom-Up Nanowires: Application to High Efficiency Single Photon Sources

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Dan Dalacu ◽  
Philip J. Poole ◽  
Robin L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dot ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Selective Area ◽  
Photon Generation

For nanowire-based sources of non-classical light, the rate at which photons are generated and the ability to efficiently collect them are determined by the nanowire geometry. Using selective-area vapour-liquid-solid epitaxy, we show how it is possible to control the nanowire geometry and tailor it to optimise device performance. High efficiency single photon generation with negligible multi-photon emission is demonstrated using a quantum dot embedded in a nanowire having a geometry tailored to optimise both collection efficiency and emission rate.

scholarly journals Aerial Transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus through Environmental E-Cigarette Aerosols: Implications for Public Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Sussman ◽  
Eliana Golberstein ◽  
Riccardo Polosa
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Respiratory Flow ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Social Separation ◽  
Indoor Spaces

We discuss the implications of possible contagion of COVID-19 through e-cigarette aerosol (ECA) for prevention and mitigation strategies during the current pandemic. This is a relevant issue when millions of vapers (and smokers) must remain under indoor confinement and/or share public outdoor spaces with non-users. The fact that the respiratory flow associated with vaping is visible (as opposed to other respiratory activities) clearly delineates a safety distance of 1–2 m along the exhaled jet to prevent direct exposure. Vaping is a relatively infrequent and intermittent respiratory activity for which we infer a mean emission rate of 79.82 droplets per puff (6–200, standard deviation 74.66) comparable to mouth breathing, it adds into shared indoor spaces (home and restaurant scenarios) a 1% extra risk of indirect COVID-19 contagion with respect to a “control case” of existing unavoidable risk from continuous breathing. As a comparative reference, this added relative risk increases to 44–176% for speaking 6–24 min per hour and 260% for coughing every 2 min. Mechanical ventilation decreases absolute emission levels but keeps the same relative risks. As long as direct exposure to the visible exhaled jet is avoided, wearing of face masks effectively protects bystanders and keeps risk estimates very low. As a consequence, protection from possible COVID-19 contagion through vaping emissions does not require extra interventions besides the standard recommendations to the general population: keeping a social separation distance of 2 m and wearing of face masks.

scholarly journals Two Independent Light Dilution Corrections for the SO2 Camera Retrieve Comparable Emission Rates at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Matthew Varnam ◽  
Mike Burton ◽  
Ben Esse ◽  
Giuseppe Salerno ◽  
Ryunosuke Kazahaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Camera Calibration ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Depth Images ◽  
Masaya Volcano ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Volcanic Emission

SO2 cameras are able to measure rapid changes in volcanic emission rate but require accurate calibrations and corrections to convert optical depth images into slant column densities. We conducted a test at Masaya volcano of two SO2 camera calibration approaches, calibration cells and co-located spectrometer, and corrected both calibrations for light dilution, a process caused by light scattering between the plume and camera. We demonstrate an advancement on the image-based correction that allows the retrieval of the scattering efficiency across a 2D area of an SO2 camera image. When appropriately corrected for the dilution, we show that our two calibration approaches produce final calculated emission rates that agree with simultaneously measured traverse flux data and each other but highlight that the observed distribution of gas within the image is different. We demonstrate that traverses and SO2 camera techniques, when used together, generate better plume speed estimates for traverses and improved knowledge of wind direction for the camera, producing more reliable emission rates. We suggest combining traverses and the SO2 camera should be adopted where possible.

STUDY OF EMISSION RATE FROM FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKER UNITS DURING START UP SITUATIONS

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 625-626
Author(s):  
I.E. Agranovski ◽  
J.M. Whitcombe ◽  
M. Swiericzuk
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Start Up

scholarly journals Impact of air temperature and drug concentration on liquid emission from elastomeric pumps

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoya Abe ◽  
Kazumasa Matsuzaka ◽  
Toshiaki Nakayama ◽  
Masanobu Otsuka ◽  
Atsunobu Sagara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Rate Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Fluid

Abstract Background Elastomeric pumps (EPs) are devices that allow quantitative and continuous drug administration without the need for electronic control, and they are used by being filled with anticancer agents. Although the package inserts of several manufacturers that provide EPs describe the relationship between the flow rate per unit time and temperature, the solution is only saline solution or 5% glucose solution, and data on anticancer drugs have not been published. In this study, we focused on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a drug frequently used in cancer chemotherapy, and examined the effect of changes in standard of EPs and temperature on drug emission. Methods We evaluated the EP data of patients treated with Baxter Infusor® LV5 and SV2.5 in terms of emission rate, relationship between 5-FU prescription amount and emission rate, and relationship between emission rate and monthly air temperature in LV5 and SV2.5. The number of EPs sampled in the study was N = 5708 (n = 2988 for LV5 and n = 2720 for SV2.5). Results In LV5, the emission rate varied from 88 to 97% (median 94.0%), whereas in SV2.5, the emission rate was observed as 97 to 98% (median 97.4%). The 5-FU prescription amount and the emission rate were not correlated in LV5 and SV2.5, respectively (LV5; y = − 0.0015x + 97.305, R2 = 0.0226, SV2.5; y = − 0.001x + 100.25, R2 = 0.0466). LV5 showed a higher emission rate in the months with higher air temperature and a lower emission rate in the month with lower air temperature. In addition, LV5 showed a significant reduction in emission rate compared with SV2.5 in all months (P < 0.001). Conclusions In this study, we clarified that air temperature is an important factor that affects the drug emission of EPs. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the conditions for total fluid volume suitable for the air temperature in each region and to provide sufficient information to patients.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and Related Physiological Parameters Differences Affected the Isoprene Emission Rate among 10 Typical Tree Species in Subtropical Metropolises

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Junyao Lyu ◽  
Feng Xiong ◽  
Ningxiao Sun ◽  
Yiheng Li ◽  
Chunjiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Isoprene Emission

Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emission is an important cause of photochemical smog and particulate pollution in urban areas, and urban vegetation has been presented as an important source. Different tree species have different emission levels, so adjusting greening species collocation is an effective way to control biogenic VOC pollution. However, there is a lack of measurements of tree species emission in subtropical metropolises, and the factors influencing the species-specific differences need to be further clarified. This study applied an in situ method to investigate the isoprene emission rates of 10 typical tree species in subtropical metropolises. Photosynthesis and related parameters including photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, which can influence the emission rate of a single species, were also measured. Results showed Salix babylonica always exhibited a high emission level, whereas Elaeocarpus decipiens and Ligustrum lucidum maintained a low level throughout the year. Differences in photosynthetic rate and stomatal CO2 conductance are the key parameters related to isoprene emission among different plants. Through the establishment of emission inventory and determination of key photosynthetic parameters, the results provide a reference for the selection of urban greening species, as well as seasonal pollution control, and help to alleviate VOC pollution caused by urban forests.

scholarly journals Influence of the variability of the odour emission rate on its impact range: a case study of the selected industrial source

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 00070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Romanik ◽  
Yaroslav Bezyk ◽  
Marcin Pawnuk ◽  
Urszula Miller ◽  
Agnieszka Grzelka
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Grid Size ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Industrial Source ◽  
Odour Concentration ◽  
Made In ◽  
Dynamic Olfactometry

Odour concentration measurements in a chosen industrial source were made in this study using the method of dynamic olfactometry. The two different scenarios considered the variation of the odour emission rate as input for the dispersion model were compared for the period 2017 (before installation of the equipment for gas treatment) and 2018 (after implementation of purifying technologies). In this paper the odour impact range was determined by applying model calculations conducted in the Polish reference dispersion model – OPERAT FB software for the grid size 2 x 2 km. The conducted research shows a significant improvement in the odour impact range of chosen industrial source in year 2018 compared to 2017.

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