Safflower disease—a sustainable protection against Alternaria carthami L.

Author(s):  
Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar
2021 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 106434
Author(s):  
Margherita Zucchelli ◽  
Giulia Mazzon ◽  
Laura Bertolacci ◽  
Riccardo Carzino ◽  
Elisabetta Zendri ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhou ◽  
W. Jiang ◽  
W. Chen ◽  
X. L. Ji ◽  
Y. X. Jin ◽  
...  

The nonprotective tribolayers of the titanium alloy were modified into additives-containing tribolayers through an artificial addition of multilayer graphene (MLG), Fe2O3 nanomaterials, or their mixtures with various proportions on the titanium alloy/steel sliding interface. The sustainability of the modified tribolayers under a high load was evaluated by the critical sliding distance for a mild-to-severe wear transition. The modified tribolayers were found to significantly improve or deteriorate tribological performance of the titanium alloy, which was decided by their ingredients. The pure MLG- or Fe2O3-containing tribolayers, because of their lacking load-bearing or lubricant capacity, presented poor sustainability and readily lost protection to cause high wear loss or frictional coefficient. However, for the addition of various mixtures of MLG and Fe2O3, the modified tribolayers possessed a double-layer structure consisting of friction-reducing MLG- and wear-resistant Fe2O3-predominated layers. They presented a sustainable protection, thus remarkably improving the tribological performance of the titanium alloy.


Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Baojia Du ◽  
Zongming Wang ◽  
Dehua Mao ◽  
Huiying Li ◽  
Hengxing Xiang

In terms of evident climate change and human activities, investigating changes in lakes and reservoirs is critical for sustainable protection of water resources and ecosystem management over the Nenjiang watershed (NJW), an eco-sensitive semi-arid region and the third-largest inland waterbody cluster in China. In this study, we established a multi-temporal dataset documenting lake and reservoir (area ≥ 1 km2) changes in this region using an object-oriented image classification method and Landsat series images from 1980 to 2015. Using the structural equation model (SEM), we analyzed the diverse impacts of climatic and anthropogenic variables on lake changes. Results indicated that lakes experienced significant changes with fluctuations over the past 35 years including obvious declines in the total area (by 42%) and number (by 51%) from 1980 to 2010 and a slight increase in the total lake area and number from 2010 to 2015. More than 235 lakes in the size class of 1–10 km2 decreased to small lakes (area < 1 km2), while 59 lakes covering 243.75 km2 disappeared. Total reservoir area and number had continuous increases during the investigated 35 years, with an areal expansion of 54.9% from 919 km2 to 1422 km2, and a number increase by 65.3% from 78 to 129. The SEM revealed that the lake area in the NJW had a significant correlation with the mean annual precipitation (MAP), suggesting that the MAP decline clarified most of the lake shrinkage in the NJW. Furthermore, agricultural consumption of water had potential impacts on lake changes, suggested by the significant relationship between cropland area and lake area.


Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1211-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterini T. Delegou ◽  
Georgia Mourgi ◽  
Elisavet Tsilimantou ◽  
Charalabos Ioannidis ◽  
Antonia Moropoulou

In this work, a multi-disciplinary approach regarding diagnostic study processes is presented, using as an example the Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery in Attica, Greece. Kaisariani Monastery is considered one of the most important Byzantine architectural complexes in Greece. The Catholicon of Kaisariani Monastery was built during the middle Byzantine period, and has undergone many reconstructions during the centuries. It is a semi-complex, four-columned, cross-in-square church, with a cloisonné masonry. The suggested diagnostic processes included the creation of multidisciplinary thematic maps in Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment, which incorporated: (a) data of historical and architectural documentation; (b) data of geometric documentation; and (c) data of building materials characterization and decay diagnosis. The historical and general architectural data were acquired by thorough bibliographical/archival research. Geometric documentation data were acquired by three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner for the creation of the Catholicon section drawings, whereas image based photogrammetric techniques were utilized for the creation of a 3D textured model, from which orthoimages and architectural drawings of the Catholicon façades were developed. In parallel, characterization of building materials and identification of decay patterns took place after the onsite application of the nondestructive techniques of digital microscopy, infrared thermography and ground penetrating radar. These vast array kinds of data were elaborated and integrated into the architectural drawings, developing thematic maps that record and represent the current preservation state of the monument, a concerning major construction phases, the most important conservation intervention projects, building materials and decay. Furthermore, data quantification regarding the extent of building materials and decay at each monument’s façade took place. Therefore, correlation and better understanding of the environmental impact on building materials according to façade orientation and historical data, e.g., construction phases, was accomplished. In conclusion, the presented processes are multidisciplinary tasks that require collaboration among architects, surveyor engineers and materials scientists/engineers. They are also prerequisites for the planning and application of compatible and efficient conservation/restoration interventions, for the ultimate goal of the sustainable protection of a monument.


2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Behzad Habibpour ◽  
Amir Cheraghi ◽  
Mohammad Saeed Mossadegh

This article is the first report on the promising effect of an entomopathogenic fungus, <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> (Metschnikoff) Sorokin to control populations of <em>Microcerotermes diversus </em>Silvestri. Biological control is an alternative to the long-term usage of chemical pesticides.<em> M. anisopliae</em>, the causal agent of green muscardine disease of insects, is an important fungus in biological control of insect pests. Bait systems can eliminate entire colonies of subterranean termites. Baiting reduces adverse environmental impacts caused by organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the control of termites and creates sustainable protection of buildings against their invasion. Treated-sawdust bait was applied by two methods: a) combination of treated sawdust and untreated filter paper, and b) combination of treated sawdust and untreated sawdust. When combinations of treated sawdust and untreated sawdust were used, LC50 and LC90 were 8.4&times;106 and 3.9&times;107 (spore/ml), respectively. With the use of improved bait formula and more virulent strains, we hope to achieve better control of termite colonies and enable pathogens to become a useful element in the Integrated Pest Management system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233339282093232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Boretti

Here, we review modeling predictions for Covid-19 mortality based on recent data. The Imperial College model trusted by the British Government predicted peak mortalities above 170 deaths per million in the United States, and above 215 deaths per million in Great Britain, after more than 2 months from the outbreak, and a length for the outbreak well above 4 months. These predictions drove the world to adopt harsh distancing measures and forget the concept of herd immunity. China had peak mortalities of less than 0.1 deaths per million after 40 days since first deaths, and an 80-day-long outbreak. Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, or Great Britain flattened the curve at 13.6, 28.6, 9.0, 10.6, and 13.9 deaths per million after 40, 39, 33, 44, and 39 days from first deaths, or 31, 29, 24, 38, and 29 days since the daily confirmed deaths reached 0.1 per million people, respectively. The declining curve is much slower for Italy, the Netherlands, or Great Britain than Belgium or Sweden. Opposite to Great Britain, Italy, or Belgium that enforced a complete lockdown, the Netherlands only adopted an “intelligent” lockdown, and Sweden did not adopt any lockdown. However, they achieved better results. Coupled to new evidence for minimal impact of Covid-19 on the healthy population, with the most part not infected even if challenged, or only mild or asymptomatic if infected, there are many good reasons to question the validity of the specific epidemiological model simulations and the policies they produced. Fewer restrictions on the healthy while better protecting the vulnerable would have been a much better option, permitting more sustainable protection of countries otherwise at risk of second waves as soon as the strict measures are lifted.


2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Ou Hao ◽  
Zhan Yu Xie ◽  
Jing Ha

Through the design of the Laolongkou distillery Sustainable protection research, The author get the method about latent economic benefits in excavation culture, provides a new road for other local historical heritage constructive protection development. Firstly, the Distillery heritage cannot be changed and want to bring economic value. This creates a contradiction, and how to make living environment and Distillery production environment not contradiction. The authors adopt a "platform" idea. Secondly, sustainable development of distillery culture characteristics. There are a lot of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage, use these elements improve tourism environment level and quality, show distillery industrial heritage characteristic, obtain industrial tourism economic and cultural benefits.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Kathelijne Wijnberg ◽  
Daan Poppema ◽  
Jan Mulder ◽  
Janneke Van Bergen ◽  
Geert Campmans ◽  
...  

The long-term physical existence of sandy shores critically depends on a balanced sediment budget. From the principles of Building with Nature it follows that a sustainable protection of sandy shores should employ some form of shore nourishment. In the spatial design process of urbanized sandy shores, where multiple functions must be integrated, the knowledge and the prediction of sediment dynamics and beach-dune morphology thus play an essential role. This expertise typically resides with coastal scientists who have condensed their knowledge in various types of morphological models that serve different purposes and rely on different assumptions, thus have their specific strengths and limitations. This paper identifies morphological information needs for the integrated spatial design of urbanized sandy shores using BwN principles, outlines capabilities of different types of morphological models to support this and identifies current gaps between the two. A clear mismatch arises from the absence of buildings and accompanying human activities in current numerical models simulating morphological developments in beach-dune environments.


2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Corinna Mayer ◽  
Veronika Stöckli ◽  
Nikolaus Gotsch ◽  
Werner Konold ◽  
Michael Kreuzer

The results of the research project show that subalpine wood pastures produce a heterogenous forest structure, which provide appropriate forage for cattle as well as sustainable protection from natural hazards. A condition is that the animal stocking rate does not exceed a certain level in order to keep browsing damage to a minimum, thereby influencing as little as possible the regeneration of the forest. A close combination of forest and pasture provides better protection from avalanches than the separation of forest area from enlarged open pastures.


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