Case-fatality and hospitalization rates for dermatological diseases in Brazil in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

On 31st December 2019, China informed local WHO office of "cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan. As of 6th May 2020, there are nearly 3.6 million cases of corona virus infection and approximately 0.25 million deaths worldwide. The real-time data regarding the actual number of cases, as it originates from the epicenter is the key to the estimation of the case fatality rate, hospitalization rates, expected timeline of arrival of contagion, and other epidemiological data. The novel virus has no available literature pertaining to its epidemiological parameters, on which experts can base their estimates and hence the challenge in planning for epidemic management. Bolstering this challenge are the reports alleging under-reporting by Chinese authorities. Alleged toned down numbers could have led to erroneously low estimates contributing to inadequate public health response globally. We conducted a simulation on epidemiological model of COVID-19 to find out expected time off arrival of infections and mortality in different countries and compared this to actual data.

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The relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of salmonella infections

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800050366 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 371-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

J. R. Glynn ◽

D. J. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Food Poisoning ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Logit Analysis ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Analysis Models ◽

The Relationship ◽

Food Consumed

SUMMARYThe relationship between size of the infecting dose and severity of the resulting disease has been investigated for salmonella infections by reanalysis of data within epidemics for 32 outbreaks, and comparing data between outbreaks for 68 typhoid epidemics and 49 food-poisoning outbreaks due to salmonellas. Attack rate, incubation period, amount of infected food consumed and type of vehicle are used as proxy measures of infecting dose, while case fatality rates for typhoid and case hospitalization rates for food poisoning salmonellas were used to assess severity. Limitations of the data are discussed. Both unweighted and logit analysis models are used.There is no evidence for a dose-severity relationship forSalmonella typhi, but evidence of a correlation between dose and severity is available from within-epidemic or between-epidemic analysis, or both, forSalmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, S. newport, andS. thompson. The presence of such a relationship affects the way in which control interventions should be assessed.

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A Retrospective Study of the Clinical Burden of Hospitalized All-Cause and Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Canada

Canadian Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1155/2016/3605834 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shelly A. McNeil ◽

Nawab Qizilbash ◽

Jian Ye ◽

Sharon Gray ◽

Giovanni Zanotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Length Of Stay ◽

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Case Fatality ◽

The Elderly ◽

Discharge Abstract Database ◽

Discharge Data ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Clinical Burden ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Statistics Canada

Background. Routine vaccination againstStreptococcus pneumoniaeis recommended in Canada for infants, the elderly, and individuals with chronic comorbidity. National incidence and burden of all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia in Canada (excluding Quebec) were assessed.Methods. Incidence, length of stay, and case-fatality rates of hospitalized all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia were determined for 2004–2010 using ICD-10 discharge data from the Canadian Institutes for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database. Population-at-risk data were obtained from the Statistics Canada census. Temporal changes in pneumococcal and all-cause pneumonia rates in adults ≥65 years were analyzed by logistic regression.Results. Hospitalization for all-cause pneumonia was highest in children <5 years and in adults >70 years and declined significantly from 1766/100,000 to 1537/100,000 per year in individuals aged ≥65 years (P<0.001). Overall hospitalization for pneumococcal pneumonia also declined from 6.40/100,000 to 5.08/100,000 per year. Case-fatality rates were stable (11.6% to 12.3%). Elderly individuals had longer length of stay and higher case-fatality rates than younger groups.Conclusions. All-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization rates declined between 2004 and 2010 in Canada (excluding Quebec). Direct and indirect effects from pediatric pneumococcal immunization may partly explain some of this decline. Nevertheless, the burden of disease from pneumonia remains high.

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Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0255877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0255877

Author(s):

Ariel Esteban Bardach ◽

Carolina Palermo ◽

Tomás Alconada ◽

Macarena Sandoval ◽

Darío Javier Balan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Latin America ◽

Herpes Zoster ◽

Cumulative Incidence ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Incidence Density ◽

Bibliographic Databases ◽

Hospitalization Rates

The epidemiology and burden of Herpes Zoster (HZ) are largely unknown, and there are no recent reviews summarizing the available evidence from the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize the epidemiology and burden of HZ in LAC. Bibliographic databases and grey literature sources were consulted to find studies published (January 2000 –February 2020) with epidemiological endpoints: cumulative incidence and incidence density (HZ cases per 100,000 person-years), prevalence, case-fatality rates, HZ mortality, hospitalization rates, and rates of each HZ complication. Twenty-six studies were included with most studies coming from Brazil. No studies reported the incidence of HZ in the general population. In population at higher risk, the cumulative incidence ranged from 318–3,423 cases of HZ per 100,000 persons per year of follow-up. The incidence density was 6.4–36.5 cases per 1,000 person-years. Age was identified as a major risk factor towards HZ incidence which increase significantly in people >50 years of age. Hospitalization rates ranged from 3%–35.7%. The in-hospital HZ mortality rate ranged from 0%–36%. Overall, HZ mortality rates were found to be higher in females across all age groups and countries. The incidence of HZ complications (such as post-herpetic neuralgia, ophthalmic herpes zoster, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome) was higher in the immunosuppressed compared to the immunocompetent population. Acyclovir was the most frequently used therapy. Epidemiological data from Ministry of Health databases (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile y Mexico) and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Disease project reported stable rates of hospitalizations and deaths over the last 10 years. High-risk groups for HZ impose a considerable burden in LAC. They could benefit from directed healthcare initiatives, including adult immunization, to prevent HZ occurrence and its complications.

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Geographic distribution of hospitalization rates, case fatality,and mortality from stroke in the United States

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.44.8.1541 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 1541-1541 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

D. J. Lanska ◽

R. Kryscio

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Case Fatality ◽

The United States ◽

Hospitalization Rates

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Enteric illness outbreaks reported through the National Outbreak Reporting System, United States, 2009–19

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciab771 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mary E Wikswo ◽

Virginia Roberts ◽

Zachary Marsh ◽

Karunya Manikonda ◽

Brigette Gleason ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Reporting System ◽

Case Fatality ◽

The United States ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

E Coli ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Contaminated Food ◽

Bloody Stools

Abstract Background The National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) captures data on foodborne, waterborne, and enteric illness outbreaks in the United States. The aim of this study is to describe enteric illness outbreaks reported during 11 years of surveillance. Methods We extracted finalized reports from NORS for outbreaks occurring during 2009–2019. Outbreaks were included if they were caused by an enteric etiology or if any patients reported diarrhea, vomiting, bloody stools, or unspecified acute gastroenteritis. Results A total of 38,395 outbreaks met inclusion criteria, increasing from 1,932 in 2009 to 3,889 in 2019. Outbreaks were most commonly transmitted through person-to-person contact (n=23,812, 62%) and contaminated food (n=9,234, 24%). Norovirus was the most commonly reported etiology, reported in 22,820 (59%) outbreaks, followed by Salmonella (n=2,449, 6%) and Shigella (n=1,171, 3%). Norovirus outbreaks were significantly larger, with a median of 22 illnesses per outbreak, than outbreaks caused by the other most common outbreak etiologies (p<0.0001, all comparisons). Hospitalization rates were higher in outbreaks caused by Salmonella and E. coli outbreaks (20.9% and 22.8%, respectively) than those caused by norovirus (2%). The case fatality rate was highest in E. coli outbreaks (0.5%) and lowest in Shigella and Campylobacter outbreaks (0.02%). Conclusions Norovirus caused the most outbreaks and outbreak-associated illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, persons in E. coli and Salmonella outbreaks were more likely to be hospitalized or die. Outbreak surveillance through NORS provides the relative contributions of each mode of transmission and etiology for reported enteric illness outbreaks, which can guide targeted interventions.

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Varicella in non-immune persons: incidence, hospitalization and mortality rates

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268802007720 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 599-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

P. Y. BOËLLE ◽

T. HANSLIK

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Age Group ◽

Death Rates ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Incidence Prevalence

This study was conducted to estimate the varicella morbidity and mortality rates per age group among the non-immune population in France. Morbidity and mortality data for the years 1990–9 were derived from nationwide databases and surveillance systems. An incidence/prevalence model was designed to quantify the non-immune population per age group. The incidence of varicella in the non-immune population peaks during childhood and again in the 25–35 years age group. For children aged 1–4 years, adults aged 25–34 years and those older than 65 years, the hospitalization rates are respectively 235, 1438 and 8154 per 100 000 cases, and the death rates are respectively 7, 104 and 5345 per million cases. Case fatality or case hospitalization rates were not evenly distributed among adults and increased dramatically with age.

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SARS-CoV-2 Infection Hospitalization Rate and Infection Fatality Rate among the Non-Congregant Population in Connecticut

10.1101/2020.10.30.20223461 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shiwani Mahajan ◽

César Caraballo ◽

Shu-Xia Li ◽

Claire Dong ◽

Lian Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Fatality ◽

Hospitalization Rate ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Older Individuals ◽

New Haven ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

Public Health Strategies

ABSTRACTImportanceCOVID-19 case fatality and hospitalization rates, calculated using the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, have been described widely in the literature. However, the number of infections confirmed by testing underestimates the total infections as it is biased based on the availability of testing and because asymptomatic individuals may remain untested. The infection fatality rate (IFR) and infection hospitalization rate (IHR), calculated using the estimated total infections based on a representative sample of a population, is a better metric to assess the actual toll of the disease.ObjectiveTo determine the IHR and IFR for COVID-19 using the statewide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimates for the non-congregate population in Connecticut.DesignCross-sectional.SettingAdults residing in a non-congregate setting in Connecticut between March 1 and June 1, 2020.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 18 years or above.ExposureEstimated number of adults with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Main Outcome and MeasuresCOVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths among adults residing in a non-congregate setting in Connecticut between March 1 and June 1, 2020.ResultsOf the 2.8 million individuals residing in the non-congregate settings in Connecticut through June 2020, 113,515 (90% CI 56,758–170,273) individuals had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. There were a total of 9425 COVID-19-related hospitalizations and 4071 COVID-19-related deaths in Connecticut between March 1 and June 1, 2020, of which 7792 hospitalizations and 1079 deaths occurred among the non-congregate population. The overall COVID-19 IHR and IFR was 6.86% (90% CI, 4.58%–13.72%) and 0.95% (90% CI, 0.63%–1.90%) among the non-congregate population. Older individuals, men, non-Hispanic Black individuals and those belonging to New Haven and Litchfield counties had a higher burden of hospitalization and deaths, compared with younger individuals, women, non-Hispanic White or Hispanic individuals, and those belonging to New London county, respectively.Conclusion and RelevanceUsing representative seroprevalence estimates, the overall COVID-19 IHR and IFR were estimated to be 6.86% and 0.95% among the non-congregate population in Connecticut. Accurate estimation of IHR and IFR among community residents is important to guide public health strategies during an infectious disease outbreak.

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Abstract 2630: Lower Socioeconomic Status is Associated with Higher Rates of First Hospitalization for Stroke and Subsequent Case Fatality: A Population Study of 5.1 Million People in Scotland 1985–2005

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.118.suppl_18.s_756-a ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽

Author(s):

Pardeep S Jhund ◽

James Lewsey ◽

Michelle Gillies ◽

James Chalmers ◽

Adam Redpath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽

Stroke Subtype ◽

Model Case ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Lower Socioeconomic

Introduction Small, age or geographically restricted studies suggest that stroke incidence and case fatality increase with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We examined the relationship between SES and stroke incidence and case fatality in a whole country. Methods Linked morbidity and mortality data were used to identify all first hospitalizations in Scotland where stroke was coded in the principal diagnostic position at discharge from 1986 –2005. SES was measured using the quintiles of Carstairs index of deprivation (quintile 1= most affluent, 5=most deprived). Age and sex specific incidence rates by SES were calculated. Cox regression was used to model case-fatality by SES at 30 days, 1 and 5 years adjusted for comorbidities. Results From 1986 –2005 73,676 men and 88,808 women were admitted with a first stroke. In men (women) 11575 (14713) occurred in individuals in deprivation quintile 1 and 15800 (19022) in quintile 5. Rates of stroke were higher in the most deprived vs the most affluent individuals. In 1986, in men aged <55, 55– 64, 65–74, 75– 84 and >85 years, the rate ratios (deprived vs affluent) were 2.05(1.46 –2.87), 1.82(1.38 –2.38), 1.56(1.27–1.92), 1.06(0.87–1.31) and 1.16(0.78 –1.74) respectively. In women the respective ratios were 2.57(1.71–3.87), 2.06(1.50 –2.83), 1.62(1.32–1.99), 1.27(1.09 –1.49) and 1.36(1.07–1.74). These gradients persisted from 1986 to2005 in both men and women and in all ages. Adjusted case fatality did not vary by SES at 30 days,, HR (deprived vs affluent) = 1.01(95%CI 0.96 –1.06) in men, 1.03(0.99 –1.08) in women. However, at 30 days-1 year the HR was 1.17(1.09 –1.24) in men and 1.11 (1.05–1.17) in women. At 1–5 years the HRs were 1.20(1.13–1.26) in men and 1.14(1.09 –1.20) in women. The effect of SES on case fatality and hospitalization rates did not vary by year or stroke subtype (p for interactions >0.05). Conclusion Not only are stroke hospitalization rates highest in the most deprived individuals, but adjusted longer term case fatality after discharge is also higher. There is no evidence that this disparity is decreasing over time.

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Stroke hospitalization and case-fatality in the United States, 1988–1997

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.320-a ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. 320-320

Author(s):

Jing Fang ◽

Hillel Cohen ◽

Michael H Alderman

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Congestive Heart Failure ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Case Fatality ◽

The United States ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Stroke Mortality ◽

Hospital Case ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

The Us

23 Age-adjusted stroke mortality in the US has declined in recent decades. However, little is known about stroke morbidity. Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1988 to 1997, we examined the change in stroke hospitalization and case-fatality in the US. During the 10 years, age-adjusted stroke hospitalization rate increased 22% (from 381 to 463/100,000, p=0.048). By regions, stroke hospitalization rates overall were 641, 600, 562 and 438 for the South, Midwest, Northeast, and West respectively (p<0.05), and were increased in all regions during the 10 years. Overall, 58% of stroke hospitalizations were due to ischemic stroke, 13% due to hemorrhagic stroke, and 29% were classified as other stroke. The hospitalization rates were 74.8 and 332.4 per 100,000 respectively for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes and the increase rate in 10 years were 13.5% (p=0.214) and 31.5% (p=0.044) respectively. During 10 years, stroke patients with diabetes, hypertension and congestive heart failure increased 17.4% (p=0.17), 34% (p=0.05), and 31% (p=0.091) respectively. The average length of hospital stay reduced from 11.1 to 6.2 days (decrease of 44.1%), with an average annual percentage decrease of 6.1% (p=0.012). Although the total number of patients hospitalized for stroke increased during this period, the total person-days in hospital decreased 22% (p=006). In-hospital death among stroke decreased steadily from 12.7% to 7.6% (decrease of 40%, p=0.04). In-hospital case-fatality was estimated by stratifying patients on age, gender, region, type of stroke, and other co-morbidity. Case-fatality rate was substantially higher among patients with hemorrhagic than ischemic stroke (28.0% vs 5.8%, p<0.01); among patients with congestive heart failure than those without (17.9% vs 8.5%). In addition, patients of old age (≥75 years), men, those living in the Northeast had higher case-fatality rates than those younger, women and living in elsewhere. In conclusion, the declining of age-adjusted stroke mortality in the US has not been found to be related to the decrease in incidence. However, the observed reduction in hospital case-fatality might contribute to the decline of stroke mortality.

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