scholarly journals Amazonian malaria: Asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies

Acta Tropica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica da Silva-Nunes ◽  
Marta Moreno ◽  
Jan E. Conn ◽  
Dionicia Gamboa ◽  
Shira Abeles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Vector

scholarly journals Public health response and lessons learned from the 2014 chikungunya epidemic in Grenada

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Forde ◽  
Francis Martin ◽  
George Mitchell ◽  
Satesh Bidaisee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Island State ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Multiple Challenges

In June 2014, the first cases of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were diagnosed on the island of Carriacou, part of the tri-island state of Grenada. In the three months that followed, CHIKV spread rapidly, with conservative estimates of the population infected of at least 60%. Multiple challenges were encountered in the battle to manage the spread and impact of this high–attack rate virus, including 1) limited indigenous laboratory diagnostic capabilities; 2) an under-resourced health care system; 3) a skeptical general public, hesitant to accept facts about the origin and mode of transmission of the new virus; and 4) resistance to the vector control strategies used. Lessons learned from the outbreak included the need for 1) a robust and reliable epidemiological surveillance system; 2) effective strategies for communicating with the general population; 3) exploration of other methods of mosquito vector control; and 4) a careful review of all health care policies and protocols to ensure that effective, organized responses are triggered when an infectious outbreak occurs.

scholarly journals Malaria: Trend of Burden and Impact of Control Strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ikechukwu Nnamonu ◽  
Pamela Amarachi Ndukwe-Ani ◽  
Cyril Ali Imakwu ◽  
Clara Ifeoma Okenyi ◽  
Felix Joel Ugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Malaria Mortality ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Giant Leap

Since antiquity, malaria had plagued humans claiming millions of lives annually around the world. In addition to its health toll, billions of dollars are lost every year to the exorbitant cost of treatment, premature death, loss of opportunities, capital intensive public health and government interventions to curb the menace. This had intensified global malaria eradication efforts over the last few decades leading to the successful elimination of the disease from most developed countries drastically reducing global malaria mortality to hundreds of thousands yearly. Still, developing countries of the world especially those in tropical Africa remain the worst hit and children are the most vulnerable group generally accounting for > 50% of all malaria mortality. The world actually experienced a giant leap forward between 2000 and 2015 when global malaria mortality rate declined by a remarkable 25% and by a significant 69% in children less than five. Also, during this period a staggering 70% of malaria cases were averted due to strengthened malaria intervention. Some of this step forward was also attributed to increasing urbanization and overall economic development across the nation’s leading to improved housing and nutrition. However, years later, progress has been relatively slower and seemed to have stalled. Nonetheless, the impacts of control strategies have saved millions of lives universally. But to save more lives and eliminate malaria from highest risk countries like in tropical Africa, more efforts are required at both international and national capacity through the funding of research and malaria projects, effective surveillance and response, strengthened health system and mosquito vector control strategies, and development of new, improved antimalarial intervention tools like diagnostics, prophylactics, therapeutics and vaccines. Also, the role of human activity and lifestyle in the fight against malaria cannot be overemphasized.

scholarly journals Genetic Variations in Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito Population in Minna, North Central Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S32516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike C. Ukubuiwe ◽  
Israel K. Olayemi ◽  
Aisha I. Jibrin
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mosquito Vector Control ◽  
Vectorial Competence

The need to have an improved knowledge on the bioecology of Culex quinquefasciatus, a prerequisite in the development of cost-effective control strategies, has informed the present preliminary investigation to put in better perspective variations that exist in the egg rafts of the species. Freshly laid egg rafts were collected and incubated at ambient temperature in well-labeled plastic trays. The results showed overall inconsistency in all indices monitored for the egg rafts. Generally, survivorship was high for the species. All immature stage and adult parameters measured varied significantly among the egg rafts and between/within sexes of the species. Therefore, this study suggests the presence of inherent variation in the bionomics of egg rafts of C. quinquefasciatus, probably influenced by the environment and hence underscores the need for additional studies to further elucidate the roles of genetics and environment in vectorial competence of the species, in order to develop robust sustainable mosquito vector control protocols.

scholarly journals Advances and challenges in malaria vaccine development

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruobing Wang ◽  
Joseph D. Smith ◽  
Stefan H.I. Kappe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Specific Stage ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Induced Immunity

Malaria remains one of the most devastating infectious diseases that threaten humankind. Human malaria is caused by five different species ofPlasmodiumparasites, each transmitted by the bite of femaleAnophelesmosquitoes. Plasmodia are eukaryotic protozoans with more than 5000 genes and a complex life cycle that takes place in the mosquito vector and the human host. The life cycle can be divided into pre-erythrocytic stages, erythrocytic stages and mosquito stages. Malaria vaccine research and development faces formidable obstacles because many vaccine candidates will probably only be effective in a specific species at a specific stage. In addition,Plasmodiumactively subverts and escapes immune responses, possibly foiling vaccine-induced immunity. Although early successful vaccinations with irradiated, live-attenuated malaria parasites suggested that a vaccine is possible, until recently, most efforts have focused on subunit vaccine approaches. Blood-stage vaccines remain a primary research focus, but real progress is evident in the development of a partially efficacious recombinant pre-erythrocytic subunit vaccine and a live-attenuated sporozoite vaccine. It is unlikely that partially effective vaccines will eliminate malaria; however, they might prove useful in combination with existing control strategies. Elimination of malaria will probably ultimately depend on the development of highly effective vaccines.

scholarly journals An overview on nano-materials as mosquito controlling agents against Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Plant Parts

Mosquitoes are very obnoxious insects and vectors of many diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis etc. Among these, malaria is transmitted by Anopheles stephensi mainly in urban areas across the temperate country. So, there is an imperative requirement to imply some mechanisms to reduce the mosquito vector to facilitate the reduction of vector borne diseases throughout the globe. But, mosquito control strategies are now in front of a threat because mosquito populations get resistance against the available synthetic insecticides. Besides the chemical insecticides, several other ways to control the vector population proved unsuccessful in most of the cases. Now, various researchers are trying to develop an alternate effective approach to eradicate malaria from the earth by controlling its vector by using a product which is ecofreindly, cost effective, biodegradable, non-toxic and selective in nature. So, by the amalgamation of the two fields namely the nanotechnology and the vector managements, a new field is now opened up for decades, “the green synthesized nanoparticles as mosquito control agents”. The plant-based, fabricated nanoparticles are beneficial over the synthetic one since it is economical, eco-friendly and non-toxic to nature. Silver, gold, zinc, cobalt, copper etc. nanoparticles are green fabricated with different plant parts, fungi as well as bacteria. These nano-materials are of less than 100 nm in diameter and are currently used in various fields of industry. So, adapting the nano-biotechnology to control the mosquito vector is the need of the hour. In this present review we focused on potential role of nano-materials as mosquito control agent against An. stephensi at different life stages of it.

scholarly journals Performance of pirimiphos-methyl based Indoor Residual Spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in the pyrethroid resistance region of Koulikoro, Mali.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moussa KEITA ◽  
Nafomon SOGOBA ◽  
Boïssé Traoré ◽  
Fousseyni Kané ◽  
Boubacar Coulibaly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl

Abstract Background:Vector control relies heavily on Long-lasting insecticidal nets ( (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in selected districts in Mali including Koulikoro district. As part of strengthening vector control strategies in the district, IRS was initiated by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) with the support of the US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) since 2008. LLINs coverage was 93.3% and 98.2% for IRS in Koulikoro, the only district of the region where IRS was supported by PMI. Following mosquito vector resistance to both pyrethroid and carbamates, organophosphate (pirimiphos-methyl) was used for the IRS campaigns of 2015 and 2016 in the district of Koulikoro. In this study, we assessed the effect of IRS on malaria transmission by comparing entomological indices in of the district of Koulikoro, where IRS was implemented and its neighbored district of Banamba, where IRS had never been implemented. Methods:The study was conducted in two villages of each district (Koulikoro and Banamba). Pyrethrum spray catches and entry window trapping were used to collect mosquitoes on a monthly basis. WHO tube tests were carried out to assess mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Mosquitoes were identified to species level by PCR and their infection to P. falciparum was detected by ELISA.Results:Of the 527 specimens identified, An. coluzzii was the most frequent species (95%) followed by An. gambiae (4%) and An. arabiensis (1%). Its density was rainfall dependent in the no-IRS area, and almost independent in the IRS area. The infection rate (IR) in the no-IRS area was 0.96%, while it was null in the IRS area. In the no-IRS area, the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) was 0.21 infective bites /person month with a peak in September. High resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates and susceptibility to organophosphates was observed at all sites.Conclusion:The introduction of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS in the area resulted in a significant decrease in malaria transmission. An.gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector of the area, was resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates, and remained susceptible to the organophosphates.

scholarly journals Social and environmental risk factors for dengue in Delhi city: A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009024
Author(s):  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Birgit Nikolay ◽  
Vikram Kumar ◽  
Samuel Benkimoun ◽  
Rupali Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Attitudes And Practices

Global urbanization is leading to an inexorable spread of several major diseases that need to be stemmed. Dengue is one of these major diseases spreading in cities today, with its principal mosquito vector superbly adapted to the urban environment. Current mosquito control strategies are proving inadequate, especially in the face of such urbanisation and novel, evidence-based targeted approaches are needed. Through combined epidemiological and entomological approaches, we aimed to identify a novel sanitation strategy to alleviate the burden of dengue through how the dengue virus spreads through the community. We combined surveillance case mapping, prospective serological studies, year-round mosquito surveys, socio-economic and Knowledge Attitudes and Practices surveys across Delhi. We identified lack of access to tap water (≤98%) as an important risk factor for dengue virus IgG sero-positivity (adjusted Odds Ratio 4.69, 95% C.I. 2.06–10.67) and not poverty per se. Wealthier districts had a higher dengue burden despite lower mosquito densities than the Intermediary income communities (adjusted Odds Ratio 2.92, 95% C.I. 1.26–6.72). This probably reflects dengue being introduced by people travelling from poorer areas to work in wealthier houses. These poorer, high density areas, where temperatures are also warmer, also had dengue cases during the winter. Control strategies based on improved access to a reliable supply of tap water plus focal intervention in intra-urban heat islands prior to the dengue season could not only lead to a reduction in mosquito abundance but also eliminate the reservoir of dengue virus clearly circulating at low levels in winter in socio-economically disadvantaged areas.

scholarly journals Characterization of the virome associated with Haemagogus mosquitoes in Trinidad, West Indies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Ali ◽  
Jayaraman Jayaraj ◽  
Azad Mohammed ◽  
Chinnadurai Chinnaraja ◽  
Christine V. F. Carrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences ◽  
Mayaro Virus

AbstractCurrently, there are increasing concerns about the possibility of a new epidemic due to emerging reports of Mayaro virus (MAYV) fever outbreaks in areas of South and Central America. Haemagogus mosquitoes, the primary sylvan vectors of MAYV are poorly characterized and a better understanding of the mosquito’s viral transmission dynamics and interactions with MAYV and other microorganisms would be important in devising effective control strategies. In this study, a metatranscriptomic based approach was utilized to determine the prevalence of RNA viruses in field-caught mosquitoes morphologically identified as Haemagogus janthinomys from twelve (12) forest locations in Trinidad, West Indies. Known insect specific viruses including the Phasi Charoen-like and Humaiata-Tubiacanga virus dominated the virome of the mosquitoes throughout sampling locations while other viruses such as the avian leukosis virus, MAYV and several unclassified viruses had a narrower distribution. Additionally, assembled contigs from the Ecclesville location suggests the presence of a unique uncharacterized picorna-like virus. Mapping of RNA sequencing reads to reference mitochondrial sequences of potential feeding host animals showed hits against avian and rodent sequences, which putatively adds to the growing body of evidence of a potentially wide feeding host-range for the Haemagogus mosquito vector.

Advances in Aedes Mosquito Vector Control Strategies Using CRISPR/Cas9

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-87
Author(s):  
P. D. S. U. Wickramasinghe ◽  
G. N. Silva ◽  
Y. I. N. Silva Gunawardene ◽  
R. S. Dassanayake
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Mosquito Vector Control
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