scholarly journals Impact of insect herbivory on plant stress volatile emissions from trees: A synthesis of quantitative measurements and recommendations for future research

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 100060 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Faiola ◽  
D. Taipale
Keyword(s):  
Plant Stress ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Volatile Emissions ◽  
Quantitative Measurements

scholarly journals Tolerance: the forgotten child of plant resistance

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K.D. Peterson ◽  
Andrea C. Varella ◽  
Leon G. Higley
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Funding Opportunities

Plant resistance against insect herbivory has greatly focused on antibiosis, whereby the plant has a deleterious effect on the herbivore, and antixenosis, whereby the plant is able to direct the herbivore away from it. Although these two types of resistance may reduce injury and yield loss, they can produce selection pressures on insect herbivores that lead to pest resistance. Tolerance, on the other hand, is a more sustainable pest management strategy because it involves only a plant response and therefore does not cause evolution of resistance in target pest populations. Despite its attractive attributes, tolerance has been poorly studied and understood. In this critical, interpretive review, we discuss tolerance to insect herbivory and the biological and socioeconomic factors that have limited its use in plant resistance and integrated pest management. First, tolerance is difficult to identify, and the mechanisms conferring it are poorly understood. Second, the genetics of tolerance are mostly unknown. Third, several obstacles hinder the establishment of high-throughput phenotyping methods for large-scale screening of tolerance. Fourth, tolerance has received little attention from entomologists because, for most, their primary interest, research training, and funding opportunities are in mechanisms which affect pest biology, not plant biology. Fifth, the efforts of plant resistance are directed at controlling pest populations rather than managing plant stress. We conclude this paper by discussing future research and development activities.

scholarly journals Tolerance: the forgotten child of plant resistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K Peterson ◽  
Andrea C Varella ◽  
Leon G Higley
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Funding Opportunities

Plant resistance against insect herbivory has greatly focused on antibiosis, whereby the plant has a deleterious effect on the herbivore, and antixenosis, whereby the plant is able to direct the herbivore away from it. Although these two types of resistance may reduce injury and yield loss, they can produce selection pressures on insect herbivores that lead to resistance. Tolerance, on the other hand, is a more sustainable pest management strategy because it involves only a plant response and therefore does not cause evolution of resistance in target pest populations. Despite its attractive attributes, tolerance has been poorly studied and understood. In this critical, interpretive review, we discuss tolerance to insect herbivory and the biological and socioeconomic factors that have limited its use in plant resistance and integrated pest management. First, tolerance is difficult to identify, and the mechanisms conferring it are poorly understood. Second, the genetics of tolerance are mostly unknown. Third, several obstacles hinder the establishment of high-throughput phenotyping methods for large-scale screening of tolerance. Fourth, tolerance has received little attention from entomologists because, for most, their primary interest, research training, and funding opportunities are in mechanisms which affect pest biology, not plant biology. Fifth, the efforts of plant resistance are directed at controlling pest populations rather than managing plant stress. We conclude this paper by discussing future research and development activities.

scholarly journals Tolerance: the forgotten child of plant resistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K Peterson ◽  
Andrea C Varella ◽  
Leon G Higley
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Training ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Funding Opportunities

Plant resistance against insect herbivory has greatly focused on antibiosis, whereby the plant has a deleterious effect on the herbivore, and antixenosis, whereby the plant is able to direct the herbivore away from it. Although these two types of resistance may reduce injury and yield loss, they can produce selection pressures on insect herbivores that lead to resistance. Tolerance, on the other hand, is a more sustainable pest management strategy because it involves only a plant response and therefore does not cause evolution of resistance in target pest populations. Despite its attractive attributes, tolerance has been poorly studied and understood. In this critical, interpretive review, we discuss tolerance to insect herbivory and the biological and socioeconomic factors that have limited its use in plant resistance and integrated pest management. First, tolerance is difficult to identify, and the mechanisms conferring it are poorly understood. Second, the genetics of tolerance are mostly unknown. Third, several obstacles hinder the establishment of high-throughput phenotyping methods for large-scale screening of tolerance. Fourth, tolerance has received little attention from entomologists because, for most, their primary interest, research training, and funding opportunities are in mechanisms which affect pest biology, not plant biology. Fifth, the efforts of plant resistance are directed at controlling pest populations rather than managing plant stress. We conclude this paper by discussing future research and development activities.

scholarly journals Applications of UAV Thermal Imagery in Precision Agriculture: State of the Art and Future Research Outlook

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Messina ◽  
Giuseppe Modica
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Thermal Data ◽  
Low Altitude

Low-altitude remote sensing (RS) using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a powerful tool in precision agriculture (PA). In that context, thermal RS has many potential uses. The surface temperature of plants changes rapidly under stress conditions, which makes thermal RS a useful tool for real-time detection of plant stress conditions. Current applications of UAV thermal RS include monitoring plant water stress, detecting plant diseases, assessing crop yield estimation, and plant phenotyping. However, the correct use and interpretation of thermal data are based on basic knowledge of the nature of thermal radiation. Therefore, aspects that are related to calibration and ground data collection, in which the use of reference panels is highly recommended, as well as data processing, must be carefully considered. This paper aims to review the state of the art of UAV thermal RS in agriculture, outlining an overview of the latest applications and providing a future research outlook.

scholarly journals Active and Passive Electro-Optical Sensors for Health Assessment in Food Crops

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Thomas Fahey ◽  
Hai Pham ◽  
Alessandro Gardi ◽  
Roberto Sabatini ◽  
Dario Stefanelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Multispectral Imaging ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Added Value ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions

In agriculture, early detection of plant stresses is advantageous in preventing crop yield losses. Remote sensors are increasingly being utilized for crop health monitoring, offering non-destructive, spatialized detection and the quantification of plant diseases at various levels of measurement. Advances in sensor technologies have promoted the development of novel techniques for precision agriculture. As in situ techniques are surpassed by multispectral imaging, refinement of hyperspectral imaging and the promising emergence of light detection and ranging (LIDAR), remote sensing will define the future of biotic and abiotic plant stress detection, crop yield estimation and product quality. The added value of LIDAR-based systems stems from their greater flexibility in capturing data, high rate of data delivery and suitability for a high level of automation while overcoming the shortcomings of passive systems limited by atmospheric conditions, changes in light, viewing angle and canopy structure. In particular, a multi-sensor systems approach and associated data fusion techniques (i.e., blending LIDAR with existing electro-optical sensors) offer increased accuracy in plant disease detection by focusing on traditional optimal estimation and the adoption of artificial intelligence techniques for spatially and temporally distributed big data. When applied across different platforms (handheld, ground-based, airborne, ground/aerial robotic vehicles or satellites), these electro-optical sensors offer new avenues to predict and react to plant stress and disease. This review examines the key sensor characteristics, platform integration options and data analysis techniques recently proposed in the field of precision agriculture and highlights the key challenges and benefits of each concept towards informing future research in this very important and rapidly growing field.

scholarly journals Equitable bikeway expansion: Investigating potential links to gentrification and displacement

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Lizzette Soria ◽  
Jesse Cohen ◽  
Maria Fernanda Molas y Molas ◽  
Mena Rizk ◽  
Prathito Wisambodhi
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Community Activists ◽  
Bicycle Infrastructure ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Many cities across the globe are developing bikeways as a key strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and foster sustainable transportation. However, planners and community activists have raised concerns that bikeway expansion may induce gentrification and displacement, disproportionately affecting low-income communities and communities of color. While scholars have explored quantitative measurements of this relationship, the metrics fail to capture the nuances and complexity of gentrification as a socioeconomic phenomenon. Our analysis in Los Angeles (LA) examines the correlation between bikeway expansion and gentrification between 2010 and 2015. The findings suggest a minimal correlation between bikeway expansion and gentrification in the surrounding area. This brief provides policy considerations and future research recommendations. These include i) collecting and maintaining detailed bicycle infrastructure data, ii) assessing the relationship between bikeways and other key variables of wellbeing (e.g., housing, accessibility to services, health, and safety) through qualitative data, and iii) implementing meaningful participatory processes with diverse communities.

Electrochemistry of Single-Vesicle Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-181
Author(s):  
Jacqueline D. Keighron ◽  
Yuanmo Wang ◽  
Ann-Sofie Cans
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Individual Vesicle ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Chemically Selective ◽  
Single Vesicle

Neuronal transmission relies on electrical signals and the transfer of chemical signals from one neuron to another. Chemical messages are transmitted from presynaptic neurons to neighboring neurons through the triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. This process, known as exocytosis, involves the rapid release of neurotransmitter solutions that are detected with high affinity by the postsynaptic neuron. The type and number of neurotransmitters released and the frequency of vesicular events govern brain functions such as cognition, decision making, learning, and memory. Therefore, to understand neurotransmitters and neuronal function, analytical tools capable of quantitative and chemically selective detection of neurotransmitters with high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. Electrochemistry offers powerful techniques that are sufficiently rapid to allow for the detection of exocytosis activity and provides quantitative measurements of vesicle neurotransmitter content and neurotransmitter release from individual vesicle events. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used electrochemical methods for monitoring single-vesicle events, including recent developments and what is needed for future research.

scholarly journals Recent Advances toward the Application of Non-Thermal Technologies in Food Processing: An Insight on the Bioaccessibility of Health-Related Constituents in Plant-Based Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538
Author(s):  
Gloria López-Gámez ◽  
Pedro Elez-Martínez ◽  
Olga Martín-Belloso ◽  
Robert Soliva-Fortuny
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Health Related

Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of bioactive compounds and micronutrients. Some of the most abundant are phenols and carotenoids, whose consumption contributes to preventing the occurrence of degenerative diseases. Recent research has shown the potential of non-thermal processing technologies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), ultrasounds (US), and high pressure processing (HPP), to trigger the accumulation of bioactive compounds through the induction of a plant stress response. Furthermore, these technologies together with high pressure homogenization (HPH) also cause microstructural changes in both vegetable tissues and plant-based beverages. These modifications could enhance carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals extractability, and/or bioaccessibility, which is essential to exert their positive effects on health. Nevertheless, information explaining bioaccessibility changes after non-thermal technologies is limited. Therefore, further research on food processing strategies using non-thermal technologies offers prospects to develop plant-based products with enhanced bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds and micronutrients. In this review, we attempt to provide updated information regarding the main effects of PEF, HPP, HPH, and US on health-related compounds bioaccessibility from different vegetable matrices and the causes underlying these changes. Additionally, we propose future research on the relationship between the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and micronutrients, matrix structure, and non-thermal processing.

scholarly journals Plant Secondary Metabolite Transporters: Diversity, Functionality, and Their Modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panchsheela Nogia ◽  
Pratap Kumar Pati
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Potential Applications

Secondary metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in the vital functioning of plants such as growth, development, defense, and survival via their transportation and accumulation at the required site. However, unlike primary metabolites, the transport mechanisms of SMs are not yet well explored. There exists a huge gap between the abundant presence of SM transporters, their identification, and functional characterization. A better understanding of plant SM transporters will surely be a step forward to fulfill the steeply increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the formulation of herbal medicines. Thus, the engineering of transporters by modulating their expression is emerging as the most viable option to achieve the long-term goal of systemic metabolic engineering for enhanced metabolite production at minimum cost. In this review article, we are updating the understanding of recent advancements in the field of plant SM transporters, particularly those discovered in the past two decades. Herein, we provide notable insights about various types of fully or partially characterized transporters from the ABC, MATE, PUP, and NPF families including their diverse functionalities, structural information, potential approaches for their identification and characterization, several regulatory parameters, and their modulation. A novel perspective to the concept of “Transporter Engineering” has also been unveiled by highlighting its potential applications particularly in plant stress (biotic and abiotic) tolerance, SM accumulation, and removal of anti-nutritional compounds, which will be of great value for the crop improvement program. The present study creates a roadmap for easy identification and a better understanding of various transporters, which can be utilized as suitable targets for transporter engineering in future research.

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