scholarly journals Soil fertility regulates invasive herbivore performance and top-down control in tropical agroecosystems of Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 38-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A.G. Wyckhuys ◽  
D.D. Burra ◽  
D.H. Tran ◽  
I. Graziosi ◽  
A.J. Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Herbivore Performance ◽  
Tropical Agroecosystems

What's Millennial about the MDGs? Discursive Boundaries of Public Health in Southeast Asia

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33
Author(s):  
Lynn Thiesmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Critical Aspects

The Millennium Development Goals are framed within the post-war discourses of development that also gave us Basic Human Needs and Human Security. The Goals set out a consideration of the failures of earlier strategies along with an agenda for the accelerated reduction of poverty and its accompanying human insecurities. Though the more critical aspects of the MDG discourse were sorely needed, they also left space for the repetition of earlier top–down development strategies, and, more generally, for a (re)vision and wider implementation of globalised intervention by developed countries into the less-developed. In this discourse developed countries identify needs on the part of the less-developed and then supply these needs. The ‘need’ discourse focussed on here represents inferior public health that requires services, goods and equipment to be provided by developed countries; what it ignores are negative health consequences that can arise from development schemes themselves.

Place Making in George Town, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Khor ◽  
Matt Benson
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Government ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Place Making ◽  
Local Manufacturing ◽  
The Government ◽  
George Town

Chapter 3 provided several examples of the planning and management of urban heritage areas and their resources. This chapter describes the experience of George Town, where the government directed a top-down planning exercise, as expected of a World Heritage property. The process had significant government attention and investment, both financial and technical. The island of Penang in northern Malaysia (Figure 4.2) has hosted a strong tourism industry since the 1970s when the state government decided to develop the tourism industry to complement local manufacturing, as part of a strategy to generate jobs. This policy resulted in the development of the island’s north coast as beachside resorts, which until the mid-1990s made Penang a top tourism destination. This beachside resort model was copied widely throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in competition from neighbouring countries, including Thailand and Indonesia. Meanwhile, Penang’s own appeal was undermined, however, by over-development and pollution.

scholarly journals Isoprene emissions over Asia 1979–2012: impact of climate and land use changes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 29551-29592 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stavrakou ◽  
J.-F. Müller ◽  
M. Bauwens ◽  
I. De Smedt ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Due to the scarcity of observational constraints and the rapidly changing environment in East and Southeast Asia, isoprene emissions predicted by models are expected to bear substantial uncertainties. The aim of this study is to improve upon the existing bottom-up estimates, and investigate the temporal evolution of the fluxes in Asia over 1979–2012. To this purpose, we calculate the hourly emissions at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution using the MEGAN-MOHYCAN model driven by ECMWF ERA-Interim climatology. This study incorporates (i) changes in land use, including the rapid expansion of oil palms, (ii) meteorological variability according to ERA-Interim, (iii) long-term changes in solar radiation (dimming/brightening) constrained by surface network radiation measurements, and (iv) recent experimental evidence that South Asian tropical forests are much weaker isoprene emitters than previously assumed, and on the other hand, that oil palms hold a strong isoprene emission capacity. These effects lead to a significant lowering (factor of two) in the total isoprene fluxes over the studied domain, and to emission reductions reaching a~factor of 3.5 in Southeast Asia. The bottom-up annual isoprene emissions for 2005 are estimated at 7.0, 4.8, 8.3, 2.9 Tg in China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. Changes in temperature and solar radiation are the major drivers of the interannual variability and trend in the emissions. An annual positive flux trend of 0.2% and 0.52% is found in Asia and China, respectively, through the entire period, related to positive trend in temperature and solar radiation. The impact of oil palm expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia is to enhance the trends over that region, e.g. from 1.17% to 1.5% in 1979–2005 in Malaysia. A negative emission trend is derived in India (−0.4%), owing to the negative trend in solar radiation data associated to the strong dimming effect likely due to increasing aerosol loadings. The bottom-up emissions are evaluated using top-down isoprene emission estimates derived from inverse modelling constrained by GOME-2/MetOp-A formaldehyde columns through 2007–2012. The satellite-based estimates appear to support our assumptions, and confirm the lower emission rate in tropical forests of Indonesia and Malaysia. Additional flux measurements are clearly needed to better characterize the spatial variability of emission factors. Finally, a decreasing trend in the top-down Chinese emissions inferred after 2007, is in line with the cooling episode recorded in China after that year, thus suggesting that the satellite HCHO columns are able to capture climate-induced changes in emissions.

Putting the Mandala in its Place: A Practice-based Approach to the Spatialization of Power on the Southeast Asian ‘Periphery’—The Case of the Akha

1996 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah E. Tooker
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Similar Form ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Hierarchical Status

In this article, I argue that the ‘mandala’ and other spatialized concepts associated with the ‘cosmic polity’ in Southeast Asia (such as ‘exemplary center’ and ‘sinking status’, ‘galactic polity’, ‘concentric circles’, ‘nested emboxment’, etc.) are key concepts with a similar form that have dominated theories of premodern Southeast Asian political and social structure. I claim that previous approaches to the mandala polity have been defined from the perspective of dominant political groups, and thus are top-down or center-out models. As a result, theorists have inadvertently reified this perspective in a set of analytical concepts that reaffirm existing power structures. As such, they have skewed our understandings of the mandala away from that of a socially enacted set of spatial codes that communicate and index hierarchical status between individuals and groups, both dominant and nondominant.

scholarly journals Constraining black carbon aerosol over Southeast Asia using OMI aerosol absorption optical depth and the adjoint of GEOS-Chem

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 28385-28452 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
D. K. Henze ◽  
G. A. Grell ◽  
G. R. Carmichael ◽  
N. Bousserez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Aerosol Absorption

Abstract. Accurate estimates of the emissions and distribution of Southeast Asian (70–150° E, 11° S–55° N) black carbon (BC) are critical to studies of the atmospheric environment and climate change. Analysis of modeled BC concentrations compared to in situ observations indicates levels are underestimated over most of Southeast Asia when using any of four different emission inventories. We thus attempt to reduce uncertainties in BC emissions and improve BC model simulations by developing top-down, spatially resolved, estimates of BC emissions through assimilation of OMI observations of aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) with the GEOS-Chem model and its adjoint for April and October of 2006. Overwhelming enhancements, up to 500%, in anthropogenic BC emissions are shown after optimization over broad areas of Southeast Asia in April. In October, the optimization of anthropogenic emissions yields a slight reduction (1 ~ 5%) over India and parts of southern China, while emissions increase by 10 ~ 50% over eastern China. Observational data from in situ measurements and AERONET observations are used to evaluate the BC inversions and assess the bias between OMI and AERONET AAOD. Low biases in BC concentrations are improved or corrected in most eastern and central sites over China after optimization, while the constrained model still underestimates concentrations in Indian sites in both April and October, possibly as a consequence of low prior emissions. Model resolution errors may contribute up to a factor of 2.5 to the underestimate of surface BC concentrations over northern India. We also compare the optimized results using different anthropogenic emission inventories and discuss the sensitivity of top-down constraints on anthropogenic emissions with respect to biomass burning emissions. In addition, the impacts of different observation operators and a priori constraints on the optimization are investigated. Overall, despite these limitations and uncertainties, using OMI AAOD to constrain BC sources improves model representation of BC distributions, particularly over China.

scholarly journals Introduction: Thinking Comparison with the Politics of Storytelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Ileana M. Rodríguez-Silva ◽  
Laurie J. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Asian America ◽  
Top Down ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Contested Meanings ◽  
The Caribbean

This article highlights the overall aims of the special issue, which reconceptualizes island worlds as situated historical places, that is, islands and their networks as spaces that come to life through the multiple and contested meanings constantly attached to them, formed in the milieu of overlapping and competing European, US, and Southeast Asian empires and diasporas. By investigating the forms and politics of storytelling in the island South and Southeast Asia, along with parallel and intersecting formations in the Caribbean and diasporic Asian America, this article underlines the two scholarly interventions of the special issue in the study of world making: (1) it refashions the notion of comparison to move away from the project of “knowing”—habitually constituted through a top-down gaze aimed at assessment and measuring, which consequently leads to the formation of hierarchies, categories of containment, and reductionism—and to unearth forms of comparison emerging from local environments and local knowledge; and (2) in thinking of storytelling events or inscriptions as situated testimonies (i.e., identifying the politics of location of a telling), it centers affect and emotion as the means for unraveling and connecting different, contesting registers of experience.

scholarly journals Southeast Asia - potential world food basket.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
W.J. van Liere
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
World Food ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Food Basket ◽  
Land Water

It is suggested that southeast Asia has all the necessary prerequisite potentials in terms of land, water, year-round suitable climate and human resources to become a major world food basket. At the moment production is rather low, as is demonstrated for a number of crops by comparing average farm yields with yields obtained under controlled conditions of the experimental stations in the area. Mass application of modern technology, including water control and improvement of soil fertility, would be capable of closing the gap between present and potential production. The programme of agricultural planning and research sponsored by the Mekong Committee represents a major initial step in this direction, aiming to bring about changes from traditional agricultural practices to progressively greater use of modern technology, tailored to suit local conditions, in order to achieve higher sustained yields. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: It is suggested that S.E. Asia has all the potential requirements of a major food producer in terms of land, water supply, climatic conditions and labour resources. The large difference between present and potential crop yields under experimental conditions could be reduced by improved agronomic techniques. Lack of water control is the major factor limiting rice production in the lowlands where paddy yields are generally 1-2 t/ha compared with an attainable yield of 6 t/ha. In upland areas, soil fertility is the most important factor limiting yields and the wider use of multi-cropping or inter-cropping could greatly increase production. The potential of water conservation schemes such as the Pa Mong Reservoir on the Mekong River between Thailand and Laos is considered. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Isoprene emissions over Asia 1979–2012: impact of climate and land-use changes

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 4587-4605 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stavrakou ◽  
J.-F. Müller ◽  
M. Bauwens ◽  
I. De Smedt ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Isoprene Emission ◽  
Oil Palms

Abstract. Due to the scarcity of observational constraints and the rapidly changing environment in East and Southeast Asia, isoprene emissions predicted by models are expected to bear substantial uncertainties. The aim of this study is to improve upon the existing bottom-up estimates, and to investigate the temporal evolution of the fluxes in Asia over 1979–2012. To this purpose, we calculate the hourly emissions at 0.5°×0.5° resolution using the MEGAN–MOHYCAN model driven by ECMWF ERA-Interim climatology. In order to remedy for known biases identified in previous studies, and to improve the simulation of interannual variability and trends in emissions, this study incorporates (i) changes in land use, including the rapid expansion of oil palms, (ii) meteorological variability according to ERA-Interim, (iii) long-term changes in solar radiation (dimming/brightening) constrained by surface network radiation measurements, and (iv) recent experimental evidence that South Asian tropical forests are much weaker isoprene emitters than previously assumed, and on the other hand, that oil palms have a strong isoprene emission capacity. These effects lead to a significant lowering (factor of 2) in the total isoprene fluxes over the studied domain, and to emission reductions reaching a factor of 3.5 in Southeast Asia. The bottom-up annual isoprene emissions for 2005 are estimated at 7.0, 4.8, 8.3, and 2.9 Tg in China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. The isoprene flux anomaly over the whole domain and studied period is found to be strongly correlated with the Oceanic Niño Index (r = 0.73), with positive (negative) anomalies related to El Niño (La Niña) years. Changes in temperature and solar radiation are the major drivers of the interannual variability and trends in the emissions, except over semi-arid areas such as northwestern China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, where soil moisture is by far the main cause of interannual emission changes. In our base simulation, annual positive flux trends of 0.2% and 0.52% throughout the entire period are found in Asia and China, respectively, related to a positive trend in temperature and solar radiation. The impact of oil palm expansion in Indonesia and Malaysia is to enhance the trends over that region, e.g., from 1.17% to 1.5% in 1979–2005 in Malaysia. A negative emission trend is derived in India (−0.4%), owing to the negative trend in solar radiation data associated with the strong dimming effect likely due to increasing aerosol loadings. The bottom-up emissions are compared to field campaign measurements in Borneo and South China and further evaluated against top-down isoprene emission estimates constrained by GOME-2/MetOp-A formaldehyde columns through 2007–2012. The satellite-based estimates appear to support our assumptions, and confirm the lower emission rate in tropical forests of Indonesia and Malaysia. Additional flux measurements are clearly needed to characterize the spatial variability of emission factors better. Finally, a decreasing trend in the inferred top-down Chinese emissions since 2007 is in line with recorded cooling in China after that year, thus suggesting that the satellite HCHO columns are able to capture climate-induced changes in emissions.

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