Dependence of pollutant emission factors and fuel consumption on driving conditions and gasoline vehicle types

An Italian seafood factory processing frozen fish and fresh clams was investigated. Specific water consumption (SC) and pollutant emission factors (EF) are evaluated. Results evidence high SC values, in the range 18-74 1/Kg, due to defrost and extensive washing and cleaning practised; EFs appear high although not directly comparable with data reported by other authors. Two high-rate trickling filters, cross flow (CF) and vertical flow (VF), are examined over a two years period. Results suggest a pseudo half-order kinetic reaction with a superior performance of CF plastic media. From the elaboration of the experimental data a semiempirical correlation between specific surface removal (SSR) and operative parameters is obtained.

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Spatially Resolved Emission Factors to Reduce Uncertainties in Air Pollutant Emission Estimates from the Residential Sector

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/acs.est.0c08568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 4483-4493

Author(s):

Xinlei Liu ◽

Guofeng Shen ◽

Laiguo Chen ◽

Zhe Qian ◽

Ningning Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emission Factors ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Residential Sector ◽

Spatially Resolved

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Development of PN emission factors for the real world urban driving conditions of a hybrid city bus

Applied Energy ◽

10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 138 ◽

pp. 488-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seref Soylu

Keyword(s):

Real World ◽

Emission Factors ◽

The Real ◽

City Bus ◽

Driving Conditions

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The WLTC vs NEDC: A Case Study on the Impacts of Driving Cycle on Engine Performance and Fuel Consumption

International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.15282/ijame.18.3.2021.19.0696 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 9071-9081

Author(s):

Jakub Lasocki

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Driving Cycle ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

The World-wide harmonised Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) was developed internationally for the determination of pollutant emission and fuel consumption from combustion engines of light-duty vehicles. It replaced the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) used in the European Union (EU) for type-approval testing purposes. This paper presents an extensive comparison of the WLTC and NEDC. The main specifications of both driving cycles are provided, and their advantages and limitations are analysed. The WLTC, compared to the NEDC, is more dynamic, covers a broader spectrum of engine working states and is more realistic in simulating typical real-world driving conditions. The expected impact of the WLTC on vehicle engine performance characteristics is discussed. It is further illustrated by a case study on two light-duty vehicles tested in the WLTC and NEDC. Findings from the investigation demonstrated that the driving cycle has a strong impact on the performance characteristics of the vehicle combustion engine. For the vehicles tested, the average engine speed, engine torque and fuel flow rate measured over the WLTC are higher than those measured over the NEDC. The opposite trend is observed in terms of fuel economy (expressed in l/100 km); the first vehicle achieved a 9% reduction, while the second – a 3% increase when switching from NEDC to WLTC. Several factors potentially contributing to this discrepancy have been pointed out. The implementation of the WLTC in the EU will force vehicle manufacturers to optimise engine control strategy according to the operating range of the new driving cycle.

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Emission Factors of Black Carbon and Co-pollutants from Diesel Vehicles in Mexico City

10.5194/acp-2017-695 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Zavala ◽

Luisa T. Molina ◽

Tara I. Yacovitch ◽

Edward C. Fortner ◽

Joseph R. Roscioli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Mexico City ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Remote Sensing Technique ◽

Driving Conditions ◽

Comparison Of The Results

Abstract. Diesel-powered vehicles are intensively used in urban areas for transporting goods and people but can substantially contribute to high emissions of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and other gaseous pollutants. Strategies aimed at controlling mobile emissions sources thus have the potential to improve air quality as well as help mitigate impacts of air pollutants on climate, ecosystems, and human health. However, in developing countries there are limited data on the BC and OC emission characteristics of diesel-powered vehicles and thus there are large uncertainties in the estimation of the emission contributions from these sources. We measured BC, OC and other inorganic components of fine particulate matter (PM), as well as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ethane, acetylene, benzene, toluene, and C2-benzenes under real-world driving conditions of 20 diesel-powered vehicles encompassing multiple emission level technologies in Mexico City with the chasing technique using the Aerodyne mobile laboratory. Average BC emission factors ranged from 0.41–2.48 g/kg-fuel depending on vehicle type. The vehicles were also simultaneously measured using the cross-road remote sensing technique to obtain the emission factors of nitrogen oxide (NO), CO, total hydrocarbons, and fine PM, thus allowing the inter-comparison of the results from the two techniques. There is overall good agreement between the two techniques and both can identify high and low emitters but substantial differences were found in some of the vehicles, probably due to the ability of the chasing technique to capture a larger diversity of driving conditions in comparison to the remote sensing technique. A comparison of the results with the US-EPA MOVES-2014b model showed that the model underestimates CO, OC, and selected VOC species whereas there is better agreement for NOx and BC. Larger OC / BC ratios were found in comparison to ratios measured in California using the same technique, further demonstrating the need for using locally-obtained diesel-powered vehicle emission factors database in developing countries in order to reduce the uncertainty in the emissions estimates and to improve the evaluation of the effectiveness of emissions reduction measures.

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Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2015

10.5194/essd-2016-62 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Guido R. van der Werf ◽

James T. Randerson ◽

Louis Giglio ◽

Thijs T. van Leeuwen ◽

Yang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Burned Area ◽

Biogeochemical Model ◽

Fire Dynamics ◽

Fire Emissions ◽

Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Climate, land use, and other anthropogenic and natural drivers have the potential to influence fire dynamics in many regions. To develop a mechanistic understanding of the changing role of these drivers and their impact on atmospheric composition, long term fire records are needed that fuse information from different satellite and in-situ data streams. Here we describe the fourth version of the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) and quantify global fire emissions patterns during 1997–2015. The modeling system, based on the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, has several modifications from the previous version and uses higher quality input datasets. Significant upgrades include: 1) new burned area estimates with contributions from small fires, 2) a revised fuel consumption parameterization optimized using field observations, 3) modifications that improve the representation of fuel consumption in frequently burning landscapes, and 4) fire severity estimates that better represent continental differences in burning processes across boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. The new version has a higher spatial resolution (0.25°) and uses a different set of emission factors that separately resolves trace gas and aerosol emissions from temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Global mean carbon emissions using the burned area dataset with small fires (GFED4s) were 2.2 x 1015 grams carbon per year (Pg C yr-1) during 1997–2015, with a maximum in 1997 (3.0 Pg C yr-1) and minimum in 2013 (1.8 Pg C yr-1). These estimates were 11 % higher than our previous estimates (GFED3) during 1997–2011, when the two datasets overlapped. This increase was the result of a substantial increase in burned area (37 %), mostly due to the inclusion of small fires, and a modest decrease in mean fuel consumption (–19 %) to better match estimates from field studies, primarily in savannas and grasslands. For trace gas and aerosol emissions, differences between GFED4s and GFED3 were often larger due to the use of revised emission factors. If small fire burned area was excluded (GFED4 without the "s" for small fires), average emissions were 1.5 Pg C yr-1. The addition of small fires had the largest impact on emissions in temperate North America, Central America, Europe, and temperate Asia. Our improved dataset provides an internally consistent set of burned area and emissions that may contribute to a better understanding of multi-decadal changes in fire dynamics and their impact on the Earth System. GFED data is available from http://www.globalfiredata.org.

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Optimization of Aircraft Climb Trajectory considering Environmental Impact under RTA Constraints

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2020/2738517 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Junqiang Wan ◽

Honghai Zhang ◽

Fangzi Liu ◽

Wenying Lv ◽

Yifei Zhao

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Greenhouse Effect ◽

Time Window ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Warming Trend ◽

Weighting Factor ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Sustainable Operation ◽

Aircraft Performance ◽

The Impact

In order to realize the concept of air traffic sustainable operation, taking the aircraft climbing stage as an example, firstly, we establish the vertical trajectory model of aircraft climbing, analyze the change rule of aircraft performance parameters under different indicated airspeed, and establish the RTA and RHA constraint models according to the waypoint constraints. Then, considering the fuel economy and the greenhouse effect of pollutant emission, we establish a multiobjective model of aircraft flight parameter optimization, and, based on the multiobjective genetic algorithm, we establish an optimization model. Finally, we use B737-800 aircraft to carry out simulation experiments and find that, with the change of speed, fuel consumption and warming trend are different, and “objective weight, aircraft mass, flight distance, RTA time window, and wind” have different effects on the optimization results. The results show that this optimization method has a good compromise between fuel consumption and greenhouse effect by changing the weighting factor. By optimizing the flight parameters of the aircraft, it can effectively reduce the impact on the environment and provide theoretical support for the green flight of the aircraft.

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A Study on Characteristic Emission Factors of Exhaust Gas from Diesel Locomotives

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17113788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 3788 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Min-Kyeong Kim ◽

Duckshin Park ◽

Minjeong Kim ◽

Jaeseok Heo ◽

Sechan Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

High Speed ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Exhaust Emission ◽

Emission Measurement ◽

Exhaust Gas ◽

Diesel Locomotive ◽

Diesel Vehicles ◽

Engine Power

Use of diesel locomotives in transport is gradually decreasing due to electrification and the introduction of high-speed electric rail. However, in Korea, up to 30% of the transportation of passengers and cargo still uses diesel locomotives and diesel vehicles. Many studies have shown that exhaust gas from diesel locomotives poses a threat to human health. This study examined the characteristics of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons in diesel locomotive engine exhaust. Emission concentrations were evaluated and compared with the existing regulations. In the case of PM and NOx, emission concentrations increased as engine output increased. High concentrations of CO were detected at engine start and acceleration, while hydrocarbons showed weakly increased concentrations regardless of engine power. Based on fuel consumption and engine power, the emission patterns of PM and gaseous substances observed in this study were slightly higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Tier standard and the Korean emission standard. Continuous monitoring and management of emissions from diesel locomotives are required to comply with emission standards. The findings of this study revealed that emission factors varied based on fuel consumption, engine power, and actual driving patterns. For the first time, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), normally used to measure exhaust gas from diesel vehicles, was used to measure exhaust gas from diesel locomotives, and the data acquired were compared with previous results. This study is meaningful as the first example of measuring the exhaust gas concentration by connecting a PEMS to a diesel locomotive, and in the future, a study to measure driving characteristics and exhaust gas using a PEMS should be conducted.

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Study on the Optimization Method of Point Merge Procedure Based on Benefit in the Terminal Area

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/5757948 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Yong Tian ◽

Dawei Xing ◽

Lili Wan ◽

Bojia Ye

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Flow Distribution ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Flight Time ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Flight Operations ◽

Obstacle Clearance ◽

Noise Impact ◽

Terminal Area

With the rapid development of the air transport industry, the problem of airspace congestion and flight delay in the terminal area (TMA) becomes more and more serious. In order to improve the efficiency of flight operations in TMA, point merge procedure had been devised. This paper takes the approach routes in TMA as the research object, taking into account such conditions as obstacle clearance, flight interval, and procedure area. Based on the flight time, fuel consumption, pollutant emission, and noise impact, an optimization model of point merge procedure is constructed. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the structure of procedure. The Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport is selected for simulation verification, and the actual flow distribution of the airport is analyzed as an example. The results show that the average flight time was reduced by 0.26 min, the average fuel consumption was reduced by 1,240.64 kg, the average NOx emissions were reduced by 1.09 kg, and the noise impact range was contracted by 55 km2 after optimization. The point merge procedure optimization method can be expected to reduce the flight time, fuel consumption, and environmental impact of flights in TMA, so as to optimize the aircraft approach trajectory.

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