Keratin expression in gingival tissue and primary cultured gingival keratinocytes: Are there differences?

Epithelial cells express keratins, which are essential for the structural integrity and mechanical strength of the cells. In the junctional epithelium (JE) of the tooth, keratins such as K16, K18, and K19, are expressed, which is typical for non-differentiated and rapidly dividing cells. The expression of K17, K4, and K13 keratins can be induced by injury, bacterial irritation, smoking, and inflammation. In addition, these keratins can be found in the sulcular epithelium and in the JE. Our aim was to estimate the changes in K4, K13, K17, and K19 expression in gingival epithelial cells exposed to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. An organotypic gingival mucosa and biofilm co-culture was used as a model system. The effect of the biofilm after 24 h was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The structure of the epithelium was also studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of K17 and K19, as well as total keratin expression, decreased in the suprabasal layers of epithelium, which were in close contact with the A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. The effect on keratin expression was biofilm specific. The expression of K4 and K13 was low in all of the tested conditions. When stimulated with the A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm, the epithelial contact site displayed a thick necrotic layer on the top of the epithelium. The A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm released vesicles, which were found in close contact with the epithelium. After A. actinomycetemcomitans irritation, gingival epithelial cells may lose their resistance and become more vulnerable to bacterial infection.

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Keratin expression in pilosebaceous epithelia in truncal skin of acne patients

British Journal of Dermatology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-779.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 134 (2) ◽

pp. 247-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B.R. HUGHES ◽

C. MORRIS ◽

W.J. CUNLIFFE ◽

I.M. LEIGH

Keyword(s):

Keratin Expression

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Enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 activity in gingival tissue and cultured fibroblasts from Down's syndrome patients

Oral Diseases ◽

10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.0070110.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T Komatsu ◽

E Kubota ◽

N Sakai

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Down's Syndrome ◽

Down’S Syndrome ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Cultured Fibroblasts

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Does Adjunctive Use of Hyaluronic Acid Improve Clinical Outcome of Mechanical Therapy for Cases of Mild Aggressive Periodontitis

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.3.5513 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 612-614

Author(s):

Andreea A. Pogan ◽

Roxana Buzatu ◽

Dan Onisei ◽

Doina Onisei

Keyword(s):

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Aggressive Periodontitis ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Acid Gel ◽

Mechanical Therapy ◽

Improve Clinical Outcome ◽

Hyaluronic Acid Gel

Hyaluronic acid is an essential component of the periodontal ligament matrix and it has shown a number of clinical therapeutic properties, especially an anti-inflammatory effect on the gingival tissue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential benefits of using hyaluronic acid gel in topical application as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the management of aggressive periodontitis. Results show an obvious improvement of clinical parameters, especially regarding the evolution of healing of the gingival tissue after periodontal therapy. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial effect needs to be proven in further studies.

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The effect of enamel matrix protein on gingival tissue thickness in vivo

Odontology ◽

10.1007/s10266-011-0022-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 61-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Khalid Al-Hezaimi ◽

Hamad Al-Fahad ◽

Rory O’Neill ◽

Levi Shuman ◽

Terrence Griffin

Keyword(s):

Matrix Protein ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Enamel Matrix ◽

Tissue Thickness ◽

Enamel Matrix Protein

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Clinical and radiographic effects of ascorbic acid-augmented platelet-rich fibrin versus platelet-rich fibrin alone in intra-osseous defects of stage-III periodontitis patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Clinical Oral Investigations ◽

10.1007/s00784-021-03929-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Talaat Elbehwashy ◽

Manal Mohamed Hosny ◽

Ahmed Elfana ◽

Alaa Nawar ◽

Karim Fawzy El-Sayed

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Gingival Recession ◽

Stage Iii ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Linear Defect ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Platelet Rich Fibrin ◽

Osseous Defects

Abstract Aim To assess platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) with ascorbic acid (AA) versus PRF in intra-osseous defects of stage-III periodontitis patients. Methodology Twenty stage-III/grade C periodontitis patients, with ≥ 3 mm intra-osseous defects, were randomized into test (open flap debridement (OFD)+AA/PRF; n = 10) and control (OFD+PRF; n = 10). Clinical attachment level (CAL; primary outcome), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession depth (RD), full-mouth bleeding scores (FMBS), full-mouth plaque scores (FMPS), radiographic linear defect depth (RLDD) and radiographic defect bone density (RDBD) (secondary-outcomes) were examined at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-surgically. Results OFD+AA/PRF and OFD+PRF demonstrated significant intragroup CAL gain and PPD reduction at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.001). OFD+AA/PRF and OFD+PRF showed no differences regarding FMBS or FMPS (p > 0.05). OFD+AA/PRF demonstrated significant RD reduction of 0.90 ± 0.50 mm and 0.80 ± 0.71 mm at 3 and 6 months, while OFD+PRF showed RD reduction of 0.10 ± 0.77 mm at 3 months, with an RD-increase of 0.20 ± 0.82 mm at 6 months (p < 0.05). OFD+AA/PRF and OFD+PRF demonstrated significant RLDD reduction (2.29 ± 0.61 mm and 1.63 ± 0.46 mm; p < 0.05) and RDBD-increase (14.61 ± 5.39% and 12.58 ± 5.03%; p > 0.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that baseline RLDD and FMBS at 6 months were significant predictors of CAL reduction (p < 0.001). Conclusions OFD+PRF with/without AA significantly improved periodontal parameters 6 months post-surgically. Augmenting PRF with AA additionally enhanced gingival tissue gain and radiographic defect fill. Clinical relevance PRF, with or without AA, could significantly improve periodontal parameters. Supplementing PRF with AA could additionally augment radiographic linear defect fill and reduce gingival recession depth.

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Monocyte Differentiation into Destructive Macrophages on In Vitro Administration of Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Periodontitis Patients

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11060555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 555

Author(s):

Hammam Ibrahim Fageeh ◽

Hytham N. Fageeh ◽

Shankargouda Patil

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Synthetic Activity ◽

Periodontal Destruction ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the tooth-supporting structures initiated and perpetuated by pathogenic bacteria present in the dental plaque biofilm. In periodontitis, immune cells infiltrate the periodontium to prevent bacterial insult. Macrophages derived from monocytes play an important role in antigen presentation to lymphocytes. However, they are also implicated in causing periodontal destruction and bystander damage to the host tissues. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to quantify the cytokine profile of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples obtained from patients with periodontitis. The study further aimed to assess if GCF of periodontitis patients could convert CD14+ monocytes into macrophages of destructive phenotype in an in vitro setting. The secondary objectives of the study were to assess if macrophages that resulted from GCF treatment of monocytes could affect the synthetic properties, stemness, expression of extracellular matrix proteins, adhesion molecules expressed by gingival stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stromal cells, and osteoblasts. Methods: GCF, blood, and gingival tissue samples were obtained from periodontitis subjects and healthy individuals based on specific protocols. Cytokine profiles of the GCF samples were analyzed. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from whole blood, cultured, and treated with the GCF of periodontitis patients to observe if they differentiated into macrophages. Further, the macrophages were assessed for a phenotype by surface marker analysis and cytokine assays. These macrophages were co-cultured with gingival stem cells, epithelial, stromal cells, and osteoblasts to assess the effects of the macrophages on the synthetic activity of the cells. Results: The GCF samples of periodontitis patients had significantly higher levels of IFN gamma, M-CSF, and GM-CSF. Administration of the GCF samples to CD14+ monocytes resulted in their conversion to macrophages that tested positive for CD80, CD86, and CD206. These macrophages produced increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Co-culture of the macrophages with gingival stem cells, epithelial cells, and stromal cells resulted in increased cytotoxicity and apoptotic rates to the gingival cells. A reduced expression of markers related to stemness, extracellular matrix, and adhesion namely OCT4, NANOG, KRT5, POSTN, COL3A1, CDH1, and CDH3 were seen. The macrophages profoundly affected the production of mineralized nodules by osteoblasts and significantly reduced the expression of COL1A1, OSX, and OCN genes. Conclusion: In periodontitis patients, blood-derived monocytes transform into macrophages of a destructive phenotype due to the characteristic cytokine environment of their GCF. Further, the macrophages affect the genotype and phenotype of the resident cells of the periodontium, aggravate periodontal destruction, as well as jeopardize periodontal healing and resolution of inflammation.

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The Antioxidant Effect of Curcumin and Rutin on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Experimentally Induced Periodontitis in Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1332

Author(s):

Gilda M. Iova ◽

Horia Calniceanu ◽

Adelina Popa ◽

Camelia A. Szuhanek ◽

Olivia Marcu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimentally Induced

Background: There is a growing interest in the correlation between antioxidants and periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress and the impact of two antioxidants, curcumin and rutin, respectively, in the etiopathology of experimentally induced periodontitis in diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups and were induced with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: (1) (CONTROL)—control group, (2) (DPP)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, (3) (DPC)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with curcumin (C), (4) (DPR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with rutin (R) and (5) (DPCR)—experimentally induced diabetes mellitus and periodontitis treated with C and R. We evaluated malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG and catalase (CAT) as biomarkers of the antioxidant capacity in blood harvested from the animals we tested. The MDA levels and CAT activities were also evaluated in the gingival tissue. Results: The control group effect was statistically significantly different from any other groups, regardless of whether or not the treatment was applied. There was also a significant difference between the untreated group and the three treatment groups for variables MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT. There was no significant difference in the mean effect for the MDA, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG and CAT variables in the treated groups of rats with curcumin, rutin and the combination of curcumin and rutin. Conclusions: The oral administration of curcumin and rutin, single or combined, could reduce the oxidative stress and enhance the antioxidant status in hyperglycemic periodontitis rats.

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Transcriptomic phases of periodontitis lesions using the nonhuman primate model

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88803-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey L. Ebersole ◽

Radhakrishnan Nagarajan ◽

Sreenatha Kirakodu ◽

Octavio A. Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Nonhuman Primate ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Lesion Detection ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Specific Gene ◽

Nonhuman Primate Model ◽

Primate Model

AbstractWe used a nonhuman primate model of ligature-induced periodontitis to identify patterns of gingival transcriptomic after changes demarcating phases of periodontitis lesions (initiation, progression, resolution). A total of 18 adult Macaca mulatta (12–22 years) had ligatures placed (premolar, 1st molar teeth) in all 4 quadrants. Gingival tissue samples were obtained (baseline, 2 weeks, 1 and 3 months during periodontitis and at 5 months resolution). Gene expression was analyzed by microarray [Rhesus Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix)]. Compared to baseline, a large array of genes were significantly altered at initiation (n = 6049), early progression (n = 4893), and late progression (n = 5078) of disease, with the preponderance being up-regulated. Additionally, 1918 genes were altered in expression with disease resolution, skewed towards down-regulation. Assessment of the genes demonstrated specific profiles of epithelial, bone/connective tissue, apoptosis/autophagy, metabolism, regulatory, immune, and inflammatory responses that were related to health, stages of disease, and tissues with resolved lesions. Unique transcriptomic profiles occured during the kinetics of the periodontitis lesion exacerbation and remission. We delineated phase specific gene expression profiles of the disease lesion. Detection of these gene products in gingival crevicular fluid samples from human disease may contribute to a better understanding of the biological dynamics of the disease to improve patient management.

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