Comparison of composting, storage and urea treatment for sanitising of faecal matter and manure

Little is currently known about the nature, quantity or variability of WC derived sewer solids. This work describes results of a one week domestic WC usage survey in the UK. Specific attention is paid to solid production including faecal matter, toilet paper and sanitary refuse. Significant quantities of solids were found to be produced. The results illustrate distinctive diurnal usage patterns including the surprisingly low evening faecal related flush usage. Weekend usage exceeded week day usage on average, but with reduced morning peaks. Differences between males and females usage were also noted, in particular the much larger toilet paper usage and sanitary refuse disposal associated with females.

Download Full-text

Decrease in soil microbial activity and biomasses owing to nitrogen amendments

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m83-231 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 1500-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 175

Author(s):

B. Söderström ◽

E. Bååth ◽

B. Lundgren

Keyword(s):

Respiration Rate ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Soil Microbial Activity ◽

Urea Treatment ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Respiration Rates ◽

Nitrate Addition ◽

Transitory Effect ◽

Forest Podzols

Microbial biomass and soil respiration rate decreased after application of 150 kg NH4NO3–N∙ha−1 to different coniferous forest podzols. The decrease was already found 3 months after fertilization and was still evident after 3–5 years. Changes in pH, organic matter, or water content in the soils could not explain the decreases. In laboratory experiments, several unfertilized forest soils were treated with 2 mg of NH4NO3–N or of urea–nitrogen∙g wet soil−1. The ammonium nitrate addition resulted in severe depressions of the respiration rates during and up to 175 days of incubation and the decrease was evident after about 1 week. The urea treatment initially increased the respiration rate of the soils, but this appeared to be a transitory effect.

Download Full-text

Effects of Urea Treatment in Malignancies of the Conjunctiva and Cornea (with 1 colour plate)

Ophthalmologica ◽

10.1159/000308824 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 178 (4) ◽

pp. 198-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Evangelos D. Danopoulos ◽

Iphigenia E. Danopoulou ◽

Sotirios B. Liarikos ◽

Konstantin M. Merkuris

Keyword(s):

Urea Treatment ◽

Colour Plate

Download Full-text

Upgrading wheat straw with urea at a tropical temperature: effects of amount of urea and moisture on in vitro digestibility and pH

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200594046 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 212-212

Author(s):

I.U. Haq ◽

E. Owen

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Urea Solution ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Ammonia Treatment ◽

Urea Treatment ◽

Cow Urine ◽

The Cost ◽

The Tropics ◽

On Farm

Urea-ammonia treatment of straws in the tropics involves mixing 1.0 kg of air dry straw with 1.0 kg of a 40 g/kg urea solution and storing under plastic for at least 4 weeks (Schiere and Ibrahim, 1989). The economics of treatment is dependent on the cost of urea. Treatment cost would reduce, if on-farm-produced urine, e.g. cow urine, could be used as a source of urea. However cow urine is dilute and may contain only 10 g/kg urea or less (Owen, 1993). The present study therefore investigated varying concentrations of urea solution for treating wheat straw at a tropical temperature.

Download Full-text

Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200595738 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 132-132

Author(s):

A.P. Moloney ◽

P. O'Kiely

Keyword(s):

Protein Concentration ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Moisture Concentration ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Urea Treatment ◽

Plasma Metabolite ◽

Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

Download Full-text

Physicochemistry and Heavy Metal Characteristics of Waste Products from Abattoir Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/ajarr/2019/v7i430183 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Azuonwu, Testimonies Chikanka ◽

David N. Ogbonna ◽

John Onwuteaka

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Aquatic Life ◽

Waste Products ◽

Faecal Matter ◽

Port Harcourt ◽

Service Water ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Wastewater Samples

The upsurge of abattoir operations as a result of the rise in demand for meat protein has led to a corresponding increase in waste generation. These wastes are often channelled into nearby streams with little or no treatment which exposes aquatic organisms to the resultant consequences of this waste deposition. This study was thus aimed at determining the physicochemical quality of some abattoir samples in Port Harcourt city. Soil, faecal matter, wastewater, waste blood and service water samples from the Iwofe, Rumuodomaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs were collected within a period of one year and the pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), sulphate, chloride, temperature, nitrate, ammonia and heavy metals quantities including chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt, copper and cadmium were determined using standard techniques. The study recorded high BOD5 and COD values from the blood, faecal matter, soil and wastewater samples while service water samples had values within the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality limits. Seasonal variations in the physicochemical parameters of the samples collected both in the wet and dry seasons were observed. The pH values ranged from 6.2-8.5, BOD5 of blood, faecal matter soil and wastewater ranged from 2124-4349 mg/l while the COD ranged from 2715-8820 mg/l. In Rumuodomaya, the BOD5 and COD ranged from 2276-2727 mg/l and 2583-3245 mg/l respectively while samples from Trans-Amadi abattoir had values for BOD5 and COD ranging from 2253-4330 mg/l and 2931-4597 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate, chromium, cadmium, zinc, cobalt, lead and copper contents in the different locations varied statistically at α-0.05 while no significant difference was observed for pH, ammonia, temperature, COD, BOD5, sulphate and chloride contents at α=0.05. The BOD5 and COD of waste blood, wastewater, soil and faecal matter recorded values that were above permissible limits for service water and therefore raises concern for the aquatic life being threatened by these effluents as the amount of dissolved oxygen available for them will be reduced as a pollution of the immediate environment, if these generated wastes are not treated before disposal.

Download Full-text

Effects of polystyrene surface chemistry on the biological activity of solid phase fibronectin and vitronectin, analysed with monoclonal antibodies

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.104.3.793 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 793-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P.A. Underwood ◽

J.G. Steele ◽

B.A. Dalton

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Cell Adhesion ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Cell Types ◽

Cell Binding ◽

Urea Treatment ◽

Bhk Cells

The conformation and biological activities of fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) coated on different plastic surfaces were investigated using cell adhesion and a panel of domain-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The adhesion of BHK fibroblasts was markedly better on FN coated on hydrophilic tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) than on hydrophobic, untreated polystyrene (PS). mAbs A17 and 3E3, which inhibit the binding of BHK cells to the RGD-containing sequence within the cell binding region of FN, also bound preferentially to FN on TCPS. In contrast, two anti-FN mAbs, which have no effect on cell adhesion (A35 and A3), bound preferentially to the conformation of FN on the more hydrophobic PS. Mouse melanoma cells utilise an additional cell-binding site in the Hep II domain of FN and their preference for FN coated on TCPS was less marked than that of BHK cells. This reduced preference was again mimicked by the binding of a mAb, A32, which inhibits the binding of B16 cells to the Hep II domain of FN. In contrast, BHK cell adhesion to VN did not display a preference for TCPS over PS. The cell-binding activity of adsorbed VN was matched by the binding of a cell adhesion-inhibitory mAb, A18, which, unlike mAbs A17 and A32, displayed slightly increased binding to VN coated on PS, rather than TCPS. When the denaturating effect of coating FN and VN to PS in the presence of urea was investigated, similar correlations between BHK cell adhesion and the binding of inhibitory mAbs were observed. Urea treatment of FN significantly reduced both BHK cell adhesion and the binding of both cell adhesion-inhibitory mAbs, whereas the binding of A35 and A3 was unaffected. There was no significant effect of urea treatment of VN upon either BHK cell adhesion or mAb binding. A larger panel of anti-FN mAbs was used, together with the anti-VN mAbs, to determine whether there were differences in mAb recognition of FN and VN adsorbed on three different brands of TCPS. The mAbs segregated into four reactivity patterns, of which A17, A32, A35 and A18 respectively were representative. Significant differences were observed in mAb recognition of FN and VN adsorbed to different brands of TCPS. These may reflect differences in the ability of these surfaces to support optimal growth of different cell types. The effect of divalent cations upon adsorbed FN and VN was also investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Download Full-text

Conformational states of vitronectin: preferential expression of an antigenic epitope when vitronectin is covalently and noncovalently complexed with thrombin-antithrombin III or treated with urea

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v72.3.903.903 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 72 (3) ◽

pp. 903-912 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BR Tomasini ◽

DF Mosher

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Dermatan Sulfate ◽

Factor Xa ◽

Keratan Sulfate ◽

Urea Treatment ◽

Preferential Expression ◽

Covalently Linked ◽

Thrombin Antithrombin Iii Complex ◽

Protein Serum

Abstract A difference in recognition of the adhesive glycoprotein vitronectin (also called S-protein, serum spreading factor, and epibolin) by monoclonal antibody 8E6 (Hayman EG, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:4003, 1983) was investigated using a competitive enzyme- immunosorbent assay and immunoaffinity chromatography. Recognition of vitronectin in serum was approximately 50-fold greater than recognition of vitronectin in plasma. Recognition of vitronectin incubated with heparin, thrombin-antithrombin III complex, or heparin and thrombin- antithrombin III complex together was 2.5-, 7-, or 32-fold greater, respectively, than recognition of vitronectin alone. Thrombin or antithrombin III by itself did not induce the antigenic change. Factor Xa-antithrombin III was less effective than thrombin-antithrombin III in induction of the change. Dextran sulfate and fucoidan were more potent than heparin in induction of the antigenic change, whereas dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, or keratan sulfate were less effective. Immunoblotting analysis of serum and of vitronectin incubated with thrombin and antithrombin III demonstrated the presence of complexes composed of vitronectin and thrombin-antithrombin III that could only be dissociated with reducing agent. N-ethylmaleimide completely blocked the formation of the presumably disulfide-bonded complexes and partially blocked the antigenic change. Both non-disulfide-bonded and disulfide-bonded vitronectin bound to antibody-Sepharose from a mixture of vitronectin and thrombin-antithrombin III. Treatment of vitronectin with 8 mol/L urea resulted in enhanced recognition by the monoclonal antibody. Thus, the 8E6 antibody reacts with an epitope that is preferentially expressed by noncovalently and covalently linked vitronectin/thrombin-antithrombin III complexes and by urea-treated vitronectin. The change in vitronectin induced by thrombin-antithrombin III, therefore, is a physiological correlate of urea treatment and of adsorption of vitronectin onto tissue culture plastic (as is done in cell adhesion assays). The change may be important for expression of vitronectin activity.

Download Full-text