Effect of irrigation regime on grain yield, water productivity, and methane emissions in dry direct-seeded rice grown in raised beds with wheat straw incorporation

Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. Except for 1000-grain weight and harvest index in AWD and CF, further differences in total dry weight and grain yield among irrigation treatments were primarily correlated with variations in yield attributes. Among the cultivars, hybrid rice performed better than inbred rice. Over the two-year period, hybrid rice increased total dry weight, grain yield, and water productivity by 9.28%, 13.05%, and 14.28%, respectively, as compared to inbred rice. Regarding water productivity (WP), the maximum percentage (40.90 and 26.53%) was recorded for AWD compared to AR and CF. Among cultivars, more water productivity (14.28%) was calculated for hybrid rice than inbred one. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf area index and crop growth rate contributed to higher grain yield of hybrid rice under AWD and CF. In contrast to WP, the maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to be higher for CF than that of AR and AWD. For the cultivars, the maximum value (2.26 in 2018 and 2.32 in 2020) was calculated for hybrid rice compared with the inbred one. In conclusion, these results suggests that AWD with maximum WP and CF with maximum BCR could be more efficient approaches than AR. Under CF, hybrid rice cultivars with higher yield and yield-related attributes, WP and BCR performed better.

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Yield reduction of direct-seeded rice under returned straw can be mitigated by appropriate water management improving soil phosphorus availability

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp19396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Haishui Yang ◽

Jinxia Feng ◽

Martin Weih ◽

Yi Meng ◽

Yifan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Phosphorus Availability ◽

Leaf Biomass ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Straw Incorporation

The yield of direct-seeded rice has been shown to decrease after straw amendment. However, the reasons for the yield decrease, and any measures to alleviate it, are currently unknown. We hypothesised that straw return exerts negative effects on soil fertility and on root growth of direct-seeded rice, which subsequently reduces the remobilisation of reserves to grains under continuous flooding (CF); and that alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation can alleviate these negative impacts. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses, by comparing CF and AWD in combination with two wheat-straw treatments (incorporation and mulching). Under CF, wheat-straw incorporation decreased soil available phosphorus by 23–79%, root biomass by 10%, leaf biomass by 13%, and leaf area by 15% compared with the control with no straw incorporation; negative effects on these characteristics were lessened if the straw was mulched. The AWD treatment alleviated the negative effects of straw incorporation compared with CF, and straw mulching with AWD had no negative effects or resulted in positive effects. The results suggest that CF along with straw incorporation limits soil phosphorus availability, root growth and grain yield by affecting photosynthate accumulation and remobilisation. AWD irrigation mitigates these undesirable effects by decreasing soil total reductants, which subsequently increases soil pH and plant-available phosphorus. The proposed AWD treatment could be a promising strategy for the sustainable production of direct-seeded rice.

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Direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under tillage systemswith wheat straw and nitrogen levels

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/asd.v36i4.6478 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Avatar Singh ◽

Rajneesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Low Cost ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Tillage Operation ◽

Direct Seeded

Field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana on direct seeded rice (DSR) with tillage systems and nitrogen (N) levels. The highest grain yield of DSR was recorded in zero tillage with wheat straw (ZTWS), which was statistically at par with zero tillage without wheat straw (ZTWOS). The application of 125 kg N/ha gave the maximum grain yield, which was at par with 100 kg N/ha. The ZTWS at 100 kg N/ha registered higher grain yield, which was at par with ZTWOS at 125 kg N/ha. However, the higher grain yield was recorded with the application of 125 kg N/ha under conventional tillage with wheat straw (CTWS) and with 150 kg N/ha in conventional tillage without wheat straw (CTWOS). Therefore, rice can be grown with ZTWS and ZTWOS with the application of 100 and 125 kg N/ha, respectively for higher productivity at low cost of cultivation by skipping the tillage operation at the time of sowing under the condition of loamy sand soils of Punjab.

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Straw Incorporation Coupled with Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizer Improved Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Direct-Seeded Rice

Journal of soil science and plant nutrition ◽

10.1007/s42729-020-00301-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 2338-2347

Author(s):

Yunyan Chen ◽

Pingshan Fan ◽

Lin Li ◽

Hua Tian ◽

Umair Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

Deep Placement ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Straw Incorporation

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Effect of different mulching materials on weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded rice in Chitwan, Nepal

Agronomy Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 73-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R Gaire ◽

KR Dahal ◽

LP Amgain

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Weed Growth ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Wheat Straw Mulch

An experiment was carried out at farmers' field to compare the effects of live mulches and herbicide on weed growth and dynamics, yield, and economic performance of direct seeded rice under humid sub-tropical condition at Phulbari, Chitwan in 2009. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of i) control, ii) three hand weeding, iii) herbicide application (bispyribac sodium @ 80 ml/ha) + one hand weeding, iv) wheat straw mulch @ 5t/ha + one hand weeding, v) Eupatorium mulch @ 5t/ha + one hand weeding, vi) brown manuring with Sesbania aculeata @ 30 kg/ha, vii) brown manuring with Sesamum indicum @ 2kg/ha, and viii) brown manuring with Crotolaria juncea @ 30 kg/ha. Weed dry matter accumulation was significantly lower with herbicide application (1.15 g/m2) than wheat straw mulch (6.75 g/m2). The treatments with brown manuring and Eupatorium mulch were found to be equally effective in suppressing the weed growth by reducing both dry matter content and weed density. Application of Eupatorium mulch one day after sowing produced significantly higher grain yield (3.5 t/ha) than control (1.77 t/ha), Sesamum brown manuring (2.97 t/ha) and wheat straw mulch (2.83 t/ha). Yield attributes like effective tillers/m2, panicle length and panicle weight were positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.540, 0.705, 0.531 and 0.613 respectively). The net profit (Rs. 63.17 x 1000/ha) obtained from the treatment with Eupatorium mulch was higher than other tested treatments. Eupatorium mulch and herbicide application recorded equal benefit cost ratio of 2.4. Cultivation of direct seeded rice with the application of Eupatorium mulch or brown manuring (BM) of Sesamum was found effective for increasing yield and net returns in humid subtropical condition of Chitwan. Live mulching could be an eco-friendly weed control options in DSR. The BM option also provides crop residue for the addition of organic matter. This result suggests that BM is a potential alternative of herbicide application. Either mulching with Eupatorium and wheat straw or growing of Sesbania and Crotolaria as BM with rice up to 30 DAS are advisable to increase productivity with reduced cost of production at Chitwan and similar condition. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 73-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9008

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Lowland Rice Yield as Affected by Straw Incorporation and Inorganic Fertilizer Over Cropping Seasons in Fluvisol

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5409 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 129-141

Author(s):

Brahima Koné ◽

Zadi Florent ◽

Gala bi Trazié Jeremie ◽

Akassimadou Edja Fulgence ◽

Konan Kouamé Firmin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Straw Incorporation ◽

Cropping Seasons ◽

Fertilizer Effect

Grain yield stabilization of lowland rice over cropping seasons was explored using different compositions of inorganic fertilizers (NPK, NPKCa, NPKMg, NPKZn, NPKCaMg, NPKCaZn and NPKCaMgZn) and straw incorporation (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 tha-1 ). No fertilizer and no straw amended plot was the control in a split-plot design with three replications laid in a Fluvisol of Guinea savanna in Centre Cote d’Ivoire. Three weeks old nursery rice variety NERICA L19 was transplanted. No significant difference of grain yield was observed between the different treatments excluding the highest yields recorded for treatments NPKMg (5.09 tha-1 ), NPKZn (5.15 tha-1 ) and NPKCaéMg (5.31 tha-1 ) compared with 12 (3.95 tha1 ) and 15 tha-1 (4.14 tha-1 ) as straw rates respectively. Grain yield declining trend was more pronounced for mineral fertilizer treatments showing twice greater depressive effect of cropping cycle compared with the straw especially, for treatments characterized by highest grain yield in the first cropping season and similar grain yields were recorded for both sources of nutrient in the third cropping cycle. Of slowness of nutrients releasing by straw, highest grain yield was expected for this soil amender within a longer period of cultivation whereas, unbalance soil micronutrients should be relevant to studious declining yield under inorganic fertilizer effect. Nevertheless, the straw rate of 12 tha-1 supplying 0.58% of NPK as mineral fertilizer equivalent can be recommended for sustaining lowland rice production in the studied agro-ecosystems unless for three cropping seasons.

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Effects of Straw Incorporation with Reducing Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Utilization and Grain Yield of Double-cropping Late Rice under Mechanical Harvest

ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1006.2018.00454 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan-Hua ZENG ◽

Jian-Fu WU ◽

Yong-Jun ZENG ◽

Cheng-Gen FAN ◽

Xue-Ming TAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Absorption ◽

Chemical Fertilizers ◽

Double Cropping ◽

Straw Incorporation ◽

Late Rice

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Seed Priming with Potassium Nitrate and Gibberellic Acid Enhances the Performance of Dry Direct Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in North-Western India

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050849 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 849

Author(s):

Buta Singh Dhillon ◽

Virender Kumar ◽

Pardeep Sagwal ◽

Navjyot Kaur ◽

Gurjit Singh Mangat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Potassium Nitrate ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Western India ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Crop Establishment ◽

Direct Seeded

Poor early growth and uneven crop establishment are reported as the major bottlenecks in wide-scale adoption and optimal yield realization of dry direct-seeded rice (DSR). Seed priming can potentially help overcome these problems in DSR. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, during kharif/wet-season 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of different priming techniques on germination, establishment, growth, and grain yield of rice under DSR conditions. The following priming treatments were evaluated: dry non-primed seed (control), hydropriming with distilled water, halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate, hormopriming with 50 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), and osmopriming with polyethylene glycol (PEG)(−0.6 MPa), each with 12 and 24 h priming duration. In 2019, priming treatments were tested under two DSR establishment methods—conventional DSR (sowing in dry soil followed by irrigation) and soil mulch DSR (locally known as vattar DSR) (sowing in moist soil after pre-sowing irrigation), whereas in 2018, priming treatments were evaluated under conventional DSR only. In both years, halopriming and hormopriming resulted in a 7–11% increase in rice yields compared to non-primed dry seed (control). Osmopriming resulted in a 4% yield increase compared to control in 2018 but not in 2019. The higher yields in halopriming and hormopriming were attributed to higher and rapid germination/crop emergence, better root growth, and improvement in yield attributes. Priming effect on crop emergence, growth, and yield did not differ by DSR establishment methods and duration of priming. Conventional DSR and soil mulch DSR did not differ in grain yield, whereas they differed in crop emergence, growth, and yield attributes. These results suggest that halopriming with 2.0% potassium nitrate and hormopriming with 50 ppm GA3 has good potential to improve crop establishment and yield of rice in both conventional and soil mulch DSR systems.

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Maize Seedling Establishment, Grain Yield and Crop Water Productivity Response to Seed Priming and Irrigation Management in a Mediterranean Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040756 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 756

Author(s):

AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy ◽

Ahmed S. M. El-Kholy ◽

Mohamed M. A. Ali ◽

Mohamed F. Awad ◽

Elsayed Mansour

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Crop Water ◽

Crop Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Regimes

Water shortage is a major environmental stress that destructively impacts maize production, particularly in arid regions. Therefore, improving irrigation management and increasing productivity per unit of water applied are needed, especially under the rising temperature and precipitation fluctuations induced by climate change. Laboratory and field trials were carried out in the present study, which were aimed at assessing the possibility of promoting maize germination, growth, grain yield and crop water productivity (CWP) using seed priming under different irrigation regimes. Two seed priming treatments, i.e., hydro-priming and hardening versus unprimed seeds, were applied under four irrigation regimes, i.e., 120, 100, 80 and 60% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The obtained results indicated that increasing irrigation water from 100% up to 120% ETc did not significantly increase grain yield or contributing traits, while it decreased CWP. Deficit irrigation of 80 and 60% ETc gradually decreased grain yield and all attributed traits. Seed priming significantly ameliorated seedlings’ vigor as indicated by earlier germination, higher germination percentage, longer roots and shoots, and heavier fresh and dry weight than unprimed seeds with the superiority of hardening treatment. Additionally, under field conditions, seed priming significantly increased grain yield, yield contributing traits and CWP compared with unprimed treatment. Interestingly, the results reflect the role of seed priming, particularly hardening, in mitigating negative impacts of drought stress and enhancing maize growth, grain yield and attributed traits as well as CWP under deficit irrigation conditions. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in grain yield and CWP under moderate drought and severe drought conditions compared with unprimed treatment. These results highlight that efficient irrigation management and seed priming can increase maize yield and water productivity in arid environments.

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