Effects of fluoride emissions on two tropical grasses: Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum cv. Colonião

Nine tropical grasses were fertilized with 25, 50 and 100 kg N/ha on ten occasions at two-month intervals. No nitrogen was applied when conditions were too cold and/or dry for pasture growth. Samples (> 10 cm height) were taken at four-week intervals to estimate dry matter yield. Growth patterns of all grasses were similar, with a warm season peak and cool season trough. Nitrogen treatments did not greatly alter the growth pattern, although all species showed a yield response to increasing levels of nitrogen. Cumulative dry matter yields of Chloris gayana cvv. Callide and Katambora, Setaria sphacelata var. sericea cv. Narok, Digitaria decumbens and Panicum maximum cv. Makueni did not differ at N25 (P < 0.05), each producing about 10 t/ha. This significantly exceeded 5 t/ha from Pennisetum clandestinum cv. Whittet and Panicum maximum cv. Gatton. The same high-yielding group produced 15-16 t/ha at N50, while Gatton yielded 11.4 t/ha and Whittet 8.4 t/ha. At N 100, Callide, Katambora and Makueni were the highest yielding grasses (24-26 t/ha), and Whittet the lowest (15 t/ha). Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk and Paspalum plicatulum cv. Bryan died out before the final harvests. Species responsiveness is discussed in terms of increment in dry matter yield per unit of applied nitrogen.

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Phosphorus as a mitigator of the effects of water stress on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of tropical C4 grasses

Acta Scientiarum Agronomy ◽

10.4025/actasciagron.v38i3.28454 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Frank Akiyoshi Kuwahara ◽

Gustavo Maia Souza ◽

Kezia Aparecida Guidorizi ◽

Ciniro Costa ◽

Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Crop Production ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Productive Potential ◽

Urochloa Decumbens ◽

Urochloa Brizantha

Water deficiency during the dry seasons influences the relationship between water and gas exchange in tropical grasses, reducing their productive potential. In addition, the phosphorus (P) deficiency Brazilian soils adds to the set of factors limiting crop production. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of different tropical forage species to phosphorus supplementation as mitigating the damage caused by water stress. Seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. MG-4, Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk, Panicum maximum cv. Áries, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca were germinated in pots containing 10 liters of red-yellow Acrisol type soil. Experiments were conducted by combining levels of phosphorus, 8,0 and 100,0 mg of P dm-3, with two irrigation regimes, 100 and 40% replacement of transpired water. The biometric parameters, photosynthetic capacity, leaf water potential and soil chemical characteristics were evaluated, and the data was submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05), and subsequently the means were compared using a Tukey test (p < 0.05). The results showed for tropical grasses grown under water stress, there is a clear mitigating effect of phosphorus supplementation, especially on the maintenance of biomass growth.

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Production of grazed tropical grasses in different agroecosystems in Puerto Rico. III. Semiarid

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i2.7839 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 211-219

Author(s):

Luis E. Tergas ◽

Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽

Angel V. Méndez-cruz

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

First Year ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Forage Production ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Second Year ◽

Cynodon Nlemfuensis

A field experiment was conducted at the Lajas Experiment Substation in the semiarid region of Puerto Rico to evaluate the production and persistence of 8 tropical grasses, Cynodon nlemfuensis Star, C. dactylon Coastcross-1, C. plectostachyus Star, Panicum maximum USDA Pl291047, Makueni, Guinea and P. maximum USDA PI 259553, and the naturalized pasture Dichanthium annulatus pajon. Small plots were grazed at 3- to 5-week intervals for 2 years. P. maximum USDA PI 259553 and Makueni were highly productive in the semiarid,.region, as well as in previous experiments in humid regions in Puerto Rico. They are highly recommended for grazing trials. P. maximum Makueni and USDA PI 291047 were the most productive during the first year, although they were not significantly different (P=0.05) from P. maximum USDA PI 259553 and Common Guinea, and Cynodon plectyostachyus Star. The production of C. nlemluensis Star was similar to that of Dichanthium annulatus but higher than that of C. dactylon Coastcross-1 (P=0.05). The average production for all grasses declined at the beginning of the year, during the cool short days in February and March, 1983, without any significant difference (P=0.05) among species and cultivars. Production increased at the beginning of the rainy season, but it was low at the peak of the rainy season because of trampling in poorly aerated and compact soils. C. plectostachyus Star was the most productive grass during the second year of experiment, although it was not significantly different (P=0.05) from P. maximum USDA PI 291017 and 259553 and cultivar Makueni. The production of Common Guinea and that of D. annulatus were. similar and higher than that of C. nlemfuensis Star and C. dactylon Coastcross-1 (P=0.05), which did not persist at the end of the experiment. Forage production during the second year was lower than in the first year because of less rainfall in 1983. The mean CP content of all grasses varied from 11.29 to 14.05, except that of D. annulatus, which was only 9.73%. CP content was lower during the periods of maximum forage production.

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Production of grazed tropical grasses in different agroecosystems in Puerto Rico. II. humid northern coastal plains

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i2.7838 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 201-210

Author(s):

Luis E. Tergas ◽

Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽

Doralissa Vera de Saldaña

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Relative Difference ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Coastal Plains ◽

Crude Protein Content ◽

Rainfall Distribution ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Average Production ◽

Humid Region

A field experiment was conducted near Barceloneta in the humid northern coastal plains of Puerto Rico to evaluate the production and persistence of 10 tropical grasses: Cynodon sp. local, Digitaria pentzii Slenderstem, C. nlemfuensis Star, C. plectostachyus Star, C. dactylon Coastcross-1, D. milanjiana Pangola Soto, Panicum maximum Guinea, P. maximum Guinea USDA PI 259553, P. maximum Makueni and D. decumbens Transvala grazed at 3- to 5-week intervals for one and a half year. P. maximum USDA PI 259553 was the most productive grass, but during the 13 grazings in 1981-1982, it was not significantly different (P=0.05) from C. plectostachyus Star; Cynodon sp. Local, D. pentzii Slenderstem, C. nlemfuensis Star, P. maximum Makueni, and D. decumbens Transvala. Guinea and D. milanjiana Pangola Soto were the least productive (P=0.05). Results for 7 grazings from January to June 1983 again showed P. maximum USDA PI 259553 to be the most productive grass, although not significantly different (P=0.05) from D. decumbens Transvala, C. dactylon Coastcross-1 and D. pentzii. The production of P. maximum Makueni and C. plectostachyus Star was intermediate; C. nlemfuensis Star and Guinea were the least productive, and D. milanjiana Pangola Soto did not persist under intensive grazing (P=0.05). The total mean production of all grasses of 0.92 and 1.00 ton/ha/grazing, respectively, were related to rainfall distribution. The general mean in crude protein content of forage was higher during the drier months. Average production of all grasses in this experiment was lower than in a similar experiment at Corozal in the humid region of Puerto Rico, the relative difference varied among cultivars.

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Temperature influences on the growth, digestibility, and carbohydrate compositions of two tropical grasses, Panicum maximum var Trichoglume and Setaria sphacelata, and two cultivars of the temperate grass Lolium perenne

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9710563 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 563 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

JR Wilson ◽

CW Ford

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Cold Water ◽

Starch Content ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Lower Growth ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Structural Cell

Two tropical grasses, Panicunl maximum var. trichoglume and Setaria spliacelata cv. Nandi were compared with two cultivars of Lolium perenne, S.24 and Kangaroo Valley, grown in controlled environment at day/night temperatures of 15.6/10, 21 .1/15.6,26.7/21.1, and 32.2/26.7�C. The plants were harvested when still vegetative. The tropical grasses grew faster than the L. perenne cultivars at all but the lowest temperatures, and had a generally higher relative water content. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the L. pereiine cultivars appeared inherently higher than that of the tropical grasses, but for each species digestibility Mtas modified by the environment and was highest at the lower growth temperatures. The tropical grasses were lower in alcohol- and cold water-soluble sugars, and higher in starch and structural (cell wall) carbohydrates than the L. perenne cultivars. For all grasses, as temperature increased from 15.6/10 to 26.7/21.1�C the concentration of the structural carbohydrates increased whilst that of the total non-structural carbohydrates changed relatively little. A further increase in temperature to 32.2/26.7� resulted in a marked decline in the concentration of simple sugars and structural carbohydrates whilst polymeric sugars increased. At this latter temperature the starch content in Setaria and Panicurn increased to as high as 16 and 13% of dry weight respectively. The differences in digestibility appeared to be associated with the differences in the proportions of the different carbohydrate fractions.

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Response of some tropical grasses to molybdenum application

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9780732 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 18 (94) ◽

pp. 732 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C Johansen

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Published Data ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽

Total N ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Tropical Legumes ◽

Setaria Sphacelata ◽

Large Growth

The response to Mo application of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume cv. Gatton (panic), Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Biloela (buffel) and Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi (setaria) was studied at three rates of NO3 supply in pots containing soil that was severely Mo deficient for tropical legumes. There were no growth responses of these grasses to Mo, except for a marginally significant effect in panic at the highest NO3 treatment at the first harvest. These results are compared with Mo responses of legume/grass mixtures in the field and published data showing large growth responses of some temperate grasses to Mo. Application of Mo had no effect on total N concentrations of grass tops but markedly decreased NO3-N concentrations in buffel. Setaria had a greater ability to take up Mo than the other grasses and this was associated with the lower NO3 levels in this species. Critical Mo concentrations for growth of all grasses were below 0.02 p.p.m.

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Experimental studies on seed production tropical grasses in Kenya. 6. The effect of harvest date on seed yield in varieties of Setaria sphacelata, Chloris gayana and Panicum coloratum.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v21i1.17263 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

J.G. Boonman

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The Other ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Panicum Coloratum ◽

Setaria Sphacelata ◽

Chloris Gayana ◽

Late Abstract

Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi I and Nandi III, Chloris gayana cv. Mbarara, Masaba and Pokot, and Panicum coloratum cv. Solai were grown for seed and harvested on a range of dates beginning 3-4 weeks after initial head emergence (defined as 5-10 heads/m2). Harvesting date was not very critical, and harvesting could normally be spread over 1-2 weeks. The interval between initial heading and optimum harvest date was normally 6-7 weeks. In most crops considerable shedding of spikelets (up to 30-50% in P. coloratum, rather less in the other 2 species) could be tolerated before yield of pure germinating seed fell with delay in harvesting. It was suggested that most of the spikelets which were shed early were empty. Cultivars which headed early produced nearly twice as much seed as those which headed late. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Agressividade de algumas gramíneas forrageiras na região de Piracicaba

Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz ◽

10.1590/s0071-12761954000100010 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 11 (0) ◽

pp. 93-114

Author(s):

A. Di Paravicini Torres

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Paspalum Notatum ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽

Melinis Minutiflora ◽

De Se ◽

Panicum Repens ◽

Hyparrhenia Rufa ◽

Chloris Gayana

O Autor relata suas observações sôbre o comportamento de doze Gramíneas forrageiras consideradas agressivas na região de Piracicaba, Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil, admitindo que as mesmas podem ser confirmadas em condições tropicais ou subtropicais semelhantes. Estuda a agressividade como uma propriedade inerente à planta, mas dependente de condições edáfico-climático-bióticas para manifestar-se de uma ou outra maneira. Admite que a agressividade, que se verifica em consequência de uma competição pela luz, pelo alimento e pela reprodução, seja uma resultante da intensidade de duas principais condições endogenas: multiplicação e crescimento, debaixo de condições de adatação exógenas favoráveis. Condições favoráveis para certas espécies são desfavoráveis para outras dando margem à dominância ora de uma ora de outra espécie, o que deve ser levado em conta quer no manejo da pastagem quer no controle às pragas. Forrageiras importantes podem vir a constituir pragas tão sérias que venham a anular tôdas as vantagens de sua introdução pelas despezas que seu contrôle possa acarretar. Entretanto, como a agressividade é uma qualidade desejável numa forrageira, o estudo de seu comportamento em cada ambiente edáfico-climático-biótico típico e de seu controle deve preceder a sua recomendação aos fazendeiros. São discutidos os prejuízos decorrentes das plantas invasoras, assinalando-se muitas Gramíneas como tais. Sendo o assunto pouco estudado no Brasil, aventa a necessidade de se criarem organizações para tal fim, considerando a importância do problema. As seguintes espécies foram objeto da crítica do A: 1. Capim Colonião (Panicum maximum, var.). Altamente invasor por sementes e disseminável pela aração. Erradicação muito custosa em terras argilosas. Pode vir a constituir uma praga muito séria num futuro próximo. Dada a expansão de sua área cultivada, recomenda: a. limitar sua plantação, recomendando-se outras espécies produtivas e menos perigosas; b. pesquizar meios eficientes e baratos de seu contrôle, achando injustificável sua presença nas fazendas velhas colonizadas. 2. Capim Sempre-vêrde (Panicum maximum, var. gongyloides). Embora igualmente agressivo é de mais fácil contrôle por possuir touceiras mais fracas, podendo ser arrancadas com arado. E' menos perigoso que o Colonião. 3. Capim Gordura (Melinis minutiflora). Conquanto muito disseminado e tipicamente invasor é de contrôle relativamente fácil. 4. Capim Jaraguá (Hyparrhenia rufa). E' pouco menos invasor que o Gordura e facilmente erradicável, sobretudo porque dificilmente se propaga vegetativamente. 5. Capim do Pará (Panicum purpurascens). De uma agressividade extremamente alta, pode ser eliminado com mediana dificuldade. Mais difícil que ns. 3 e 4 e menos de que 1 e 2. 6. Capim da Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon). Compara-se em agressividade e facilidade de controle com a Gramínea anterior. 7. Capim de Kikuiu (Pennisetum clandestinum). De comportamento variável. Em boas condições supera o C. de Bermuda na agressividade e dificuldade de erradicação. E' praga mais séria que as Gramíneas de 2 a 6. 8. Capim da Bahia (Paspalum notatum). Extremamente agressivo, embora de formação lenta. Pode vir a tornar-se uma praga séria se não fôr controlado, pois tem tendência de dominar quase todas as espécies associadas. Seu contrôle merece ser estudado, parecendo não ser muito difícil de erradicar por métodos racionais. 9. Capim de Castela (Panicum repens). E' a Gramínea estudada que maior agressividade revelou. Seu emprego deve ser limitado a quem dela possa tirar partido. E' possível que possam desenvolver-se métodos de controle práticos e eficazes, devido ao seu pequeno porte. 10. Capim de Natal (Tricholaena rosea). Dissemina-se muito por sementes, praguejando fàcilmente as terras. Tem pequeno valor forrageiro. Deve ser desaconselhado e combatido como praga. 11. Capim de Rhodes (Chloris gayana). Muito disseminado à beira dos caminhos, não é praga da lavoura e é nesta lista é mais fácil de ser erradicado. 12. Capim de Johnson (Sorghum halepense). Conhecida praga, já introduzida no Brasil. Comporta-se mal, não tendo valor como forrageira, devendo todos seus focos serem eliminados. Em Piracicaba propaga-se mais comumente por rizomas durante a aração. Foram observados casos de intoxicação de animais.

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Storage and digestibility, voluntary intake and chemical components of hay of five tropical grasses

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i4.8002 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 531-543

Author(s):

Angel V. Méndez-Cruz ◽

Norma Corchado-Juarbe ◽

Víctor Siberio-Torres

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Harvest Intervals ◽

The Mean ◽

Voluntary Intake

An evaluation of the hay obtained from tropical grasses coastcross I (Cynodon dactylon), stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), callie (Cynodon plectostachyus), slenderstem (Digitaria pentzii), and guinea (Panicum maximum) was made at three harvest intervals (35-, 45-, and 55-day) and four storage periods (γ than 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, and < than 12 months). In vivo dry matter digestibility and voluntary intake trials were performed with Holstein steers, weighing from 340 to 390 kg. Mean digestibility was 60.8%, 56.8% and 55.0%, respectively, for 35-, 45- and 55-day harvest intervals. The mean reduction caused by storage was from 60.8 to 50.6%, from 56.8 to 48.8%, and from 55.0 to 47.2% for the 35-, 45-, and 55-day intervals, respectively. The lower digestibility values were measured in callie. Voluntary intake declined 12, 18, and 17% and the digested dry matter voluntary intake declined from 1.47 to 1.1%, from 1.31 to 0.9%, and from 1.15 to 0.82%. Crude protein content decreased by 17.0, 15.4, and 15.6% for the respective intervals. The major detrimental effect in hay quality was observed after a 12-month storage. Plant maturity influenced the mean increase of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from 69.7 to 72.6 and 76.6%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) from 37.9 to 43.4 and 47.7%; and lignin content, from 5.2 to 9.3% for the three growth intervals. This increase was 9, 16, and 42% for each parameter. However, as storage effect, NDF, ADF, and lignin content were raised by 4.3%, 12.3%, and 5.0%, respectively.

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Establishment and persistence of perennial grass and herb cultivars and lines in a recharge area, North-West Slopes, New South Wales

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp08357 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 753 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

S. P. Boschma ◽

G. M. Lodge ◽

S. Harden

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Comparative Performance ◽

Rhodes Grass ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

North West ◽

Native Pasture ◽

Plant Frequency

Two adjacent sites, one previously cropped and the other a native pasture, were sown with perennial temperate and tropical grasses and herbs (Expt 1), Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) cultivars or lines (Expt 2), and perennial tropical grasses (Expt 3) near Manilla, NSW. Establishment, herbage mass and plant frequency were assessed in 2003–06 to (i) identify cultivars/lines with superior persistence, (ii) detect possible mechanisms required for successful production and persistence in a summer-dominant rainfall environment, and (iii) examine the comparative performance of the species groups when sown into previously cropped and native pasture areas. Plots were fertilised annually and grazed or mown at least seasonally. Most cultivars/lines persisted at the previously cropped site, while those on the native pasture site had to be resown and generally failed to persist beyond the first year. At the previously cropped site, summer-dormant tall fescue cv. Resolute MaxP® was the most persistent of the grasses evaluated in Expt 1. Grasses such as Lolium perenne cv. Avalon and Bromus stamineus cv. Gala did not perenneate, but regenerated annually from seed. Native grasses generally had poor establishment; however, Austrodanthonia richardsonii and A. fulva tended to increase in plant frequency over time. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass) cv. Katambora and Panicum maximum (panic) cv. Gatton were the only tropical grasses that established in Expt 1, and both had plant frequencies similar (P > 0.05) to the temperate grasses at the final assessment. In Expt 2, Resolute MaxP again was the most persistent cultivar/line. Several experimental lines of phalaris (e.g. T39 and M225) had high herbage mass and good persistence compared with commercial cultivars. In Expt 3, Katambora Rhodes grass and Digitaria eriantha ssp. eriantha (digit grass) cv. Premier were the most persistent cultivars and had the highest herbage mass. These data highlighted summer dormancy in temperate grasses and frost tolerance in tropical grasses as two possible mechanisms important for persistence of grasses on the North-West Slopes of NSW and the risks associated with sowing perennial grasses into established native pastures.

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