Executive function and verbal self-regulation in childhood: Developmental linkages between partially internalized private speech and cognitive flexibility

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Alarcón-Rubio ◽  
José A. Sánchez-Medina ◽  
José R. Prieto-García
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Private Speech

scholarly journals Enhancing Executive Function While Addressing Learner Variability in Inclusive Classrooms

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Eleazar Vasquez ◽  
Matthew T. Marino
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Universal Design ◽  
Universal Design For Learning ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Inhibition ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Design For Learning

Executive function is an umbrella term involving working memory, planning, organization, social inhibition, self-regulation, and cognitive flexibility. It is an area where many students with disabilities struggle. This column describes practical ways to enhance executive functioning in students with disabilities using the universal design for learning framework and executive function coaching.

scholarly journals Effects of Sport-Based Interventions on Children’s Executive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 755
Author(s):  
Falonn Contreras-Osorio ◽  
Christian Campos-Jara ◽  
Cristian Martínez-Salazar ◽  
Luis Chirosa-Ríos ◽  
Darío Martínez-García
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

One of the most studied aspects of children’s cognitive development is that of the development of the executive function, and research has shown that physical activity has been demonstrated as a key factor in its enhancement. This meta-analysis aims to assess the impact of specific sports interventions on the executive function of children and teenagers. A systematic review was carried out on 1 November 2020 to search for published scientific evidence that analysed different sports programs that possibly affected executive function in students. Longitudinal studies, which assessed the effects of sports interventions on subjects between 6 and 18 years old, were identified through a systematic search of the four principal electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO. A total of eight studies, with 424 subjects overall, met the inclusion criteria and were classified based on one or more of the following categories: working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. The random-effects model for meta-analyses was performed with RevMan version 5.3 to facilitate the analysis of the studies. Large effect sizes were found in all categories: working memory (ES −1.25; 95% CI −1.70; −0.79; p < 0.0001); inhibitory control (ES −1.30; 95% CI −1.98; −0.63; p < 0.00001); and cognitive flexibility (ES −1.52; 95% CI −2.20; −0.83; p < 0.00001). Our analysis concluded that healthy children and teenagers should be encouraged to practice sports in order to improve their executive function at every stage of their development.

scholarly journals Age Related Changes in the Executive Function of Colombian Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalia Cadavid Ruiz ◽  
Pablo Del Río ◽  
Jaime Egido ◽  
Purificación Galindo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Type Of School

Executive Function (EF) is a higher cognitive process responsible for control and self-regulation of behavior. The aim of this study is to describe the developmental trajectory of EF in four and six-year old Colombian children, and to highlight possible differences by socio-cultural variables such as age, sex, type of school or socio-economic status. One hundred and sixty-three normotypical children were tested using psychological tests validated for a Spanish population belonging to the Weschler and Luria Initial batteries. HJ-biplot analysis showed that EF developed commensurate with age and school grade, although differences by socio-economic status and type of school were evident.

scholarly journals Function of private singing in instrumental music learning: A multiple case study of self-regulation and embodiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Casas-Mas ◽  
Guadalupe López-Íñiguez ◽  
Juan Ignacio Pozo ◽  
Ignacio Montero
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
Private Speech ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
One To One ◽  
The One

The aim of this article is to explore a range of largely embodied vocalisations and sounds produced by learners of string instruments and how they relate to the potential self-regulatory use provided by such vocalisations. This type of “singing” while learning to play an instrument may have similarities to the use of private speech in other types of learning tasks. This report describes a multiple case study based on the naturalistic observation of learners playing string instruments in different situations. We observed private rehearsals by six adult guitarists from different music cultures (classical, flamenco and jazz) who had different approaches to learning (traditional and constructivist). In addition, we observed the one-to-one lessons of a constructivist cello teacher with a 7-year-old beginner and a 12-year-old student. All sessions were recorded. We applied the System for Analysing the Practice of Instrumental Lessons to the video lessons and/or practices and participant discourse for constant comparative analysis across all categories and participants. From the theoretical framework of private speech, we identified a set of qualities in private singing, such as whistling, humming, and guttural sounds, with different levels of audibility. Self-guidance and self-regulation appeared to be the functions underlying both psychomotor learning and reflective-emotional learning from an embodiment approach. Guitar learners from popular urban cultures seemed to use less explicit singing expression than classical guitar learners, the explicitness of which may be related to the instructional use of the notational system. In the one-to-one cello lessons, we observed a process of increasing internalisation from the younger to the older student. Both results are consistent with the literature on private speech, indicating that this process is a natural process of internalisation at higher literacy levels. Singing is not as frequent in music lessons as might be expected, and it is even less frequently used as a reflective tool or understood as an embodied process. The examples provided in this article shed light on the multiplicity of applications and on the potential benefits of private singing in instructional contexts as a powerful learning tool.

The Role of Executive Function and Self-Regulation in the Development of Computational Thinking

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-83
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kazakoff Myers
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Early Childhood Curriculum ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter summarizes theoretical connections between computational thinking through learning to code, self-regulation, and executive function and discusses why it is important to continue exploring the intersection of executive function, self-regulation, and computational thinking, including the need to revisit the socio-cultural underpinnings of foundational self-regulation, executive function, and school readiness research. As an example, findings from a 2014 study that explored the relationship between self-regulation and computational thinking when learning to code are shared. Research supports the idea of teaching computational thinking skills within an integrated early childhood curriculum to support the development of well-prepared citizens for the 21st century by drawing on the connections between executive function, self-regulation, and computational thinking.

Executive Function, Dexterity, and Discharge Disposition in Older Intensive Care Unit Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-488
Author(s):  
Maya N. Elías ◽  
Cindy L. Munro ◽  
Zhan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Dimensional Change ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Discharge Disposition

Background Dexterity is a component of motor function. Executive function, a subdomain of cognition, may affect dexterity in older adults recovering from critical illness after discharge from an intensive care unit (ICU). Objectives To explore associations between executive function (attention and cognitive flexibility) and dexterity (fine motor coordination) in the early post-ICU period and examine dexterity by acuity of discharge disposition. Methods The study involved 30 older adults who were functionally independent before hospitalization, underwent mechanical ventilation in the ICU, and had been discharged from the ICU 24 to 48 hours previously. Dexterity was evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Toolbox (NIHTB) Motor Battery 9-Hole Pegboard Dexterity Test (PDT); attention, with the NIHTB Cognition Battery Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test (FICAT); and cognitive flexibility, with the NIHTB Cognition Battery Dimensional Change Card Sort Test (DCCST). Exploratory regression was used to examine associations between executive function and dexterity (fully corrected T scores). Independent-samples t tests were used to compare dexterity between participants discharged home and those discharged to a facility. Results FICAT (β = 0.375, P = .03) and DCCST (β = 0.698, P = .001) scores were independently and positively associated with PDT scores. Further, PDT scores were worse among participants discharged to a facility than among those discharged home (mean [SD], 26.71 [6.14] vs 36.33 [10.30]; t24 = 3.003; P = .006). Conclusions Poor executive function is associated with worse dexterity; thus, dexterity may be a correlate of both post-ICU cognitive impairment and functional decline. Performance on dexterity tests could identify frail older ICU survivors at risk for worse discharge outcomes.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cognitive Flexibility in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Said Mekari ◽  
Heather F. Neyedli ◽  
Sarah Fraser ◽  
Myles W. O’Brien ◽  
Ricardo Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Introduction: Regular aerobic exercise is associated with better executive function in older adults. It is unclear if high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT) elicits moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or resistance training (RT). We hypothesized that HIIT would augment executive function more than MICT and RT. Methods: Sixty-nine older adults (age: 68 ± 7 years) performed six weeks (three days/week) of HIIT (2 × 20 min bouts alternating between 15 s intervals at 100% of peak power output (PPO) and passive recovery (0% PPO); n = 24), MICT (34 min at 60% PPO; n = 19), or whole-body RT (eight exercise superior improvements in executive function of older adults than moderate-intensity-continuous-training, 2 × 10 repetitions; n = 26). Cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., V˙O2max) and executive function were assessed before and after each intervention via a progressive maximal cycle ergometer protocol and the Stroop Task, respectively. Results: The V˙O2max findings revealed a significant group by time interaction (p = 0.001) in which all groups improved following training, but HIIT and MICT improved more than RT. From pre- to post-training, no interaction in the naming condition of the Stroop Task was observed (p > 0.10). However, interaction from pre- to post-training by group was observed, and only the HIIT group exhibited a faster reaction time (from 1250 ± 50 to 1100 ± 50 ms; p < 0.001) in switching (cognitive flexibility). Conclusion: Despite similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, HIIT, but not MICT nor RT, enhanced cognitive flexibility in older adults. Exercise programs should consider using HIIT protocols in an effort to combat cognitive decline in older adults.

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