High-resolution assessment of French grassland dry matter and nitrogen yields

SUMMARYNodulated plants of Stylosanthes hamata, S. guianensis, S. humilis, S. scabra and S. fruticosa were grown in controlled environments with varied root and shoot temperatures. Measurement of dry matter and nitrogen content suggested that shoot temperature may be more important than root temperature in controlling growth and nitrogen fixation. There were strong interactions with variety. A fall in relative growth rate with increase in shoot temperature was least for S. guianensis and greatest for S. hamata and S. scabra. The optimum root temperature for growth and nitrogen fixation was approximately 30°C. Ninety percent maximum yield was achieved between root temperatures of 15–36°C for growth and 23–34°C for nitrogen fixation but varied with variety. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive than dry weight to root temperature. The pattern of response of percentage nitrogen and nitrogen fixation efficiency reflected those for dry weight and nitrogen yields. Shoot to root ratios decreased toward the optimum root temperature then increased at the highest temperature. The reaction of varieties to root and shoot temperatures may be an important factor in determining their suitability for new regions.

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The response of a birdwood grass - Townsville lucerne pasture to phosphate fertilizers at Katherine, N.T

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9650120 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 5 (17) ◽

pp. 120 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MJT Norman

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rock Phosphate ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Phosphate Fertilizers ◽

Virgin Land ◽

Christmas Island ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Forage Yields

In an experiment at Katherine, N.T., the response of birdwood grass-Townsville lucerne (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl and Stylosanthes hurnilis H.B.K.) pasture sown on virgin land to levels of superphosphate and Christmas Island rock phosphate dust and to levels of superphosphate subsequently applied annually for three years was measured. There were no significant interactions between initial and annual applications. Initial applications of 2 and 4 cwt an acre superphosphate both gave higher forage yields of dry matter and nitrogen than 2 and 4 cwt an acre rock phosphate over the experimental period. Phosphorus yield of forage was a function of rate rather than of type of fertilizer. Annual superphosphate applications up to 1 cwt an acre increased the dry matter and nitrogen yields of the grass, but not those of the legume, and increased the phosphorus yield of both. The higher proportion of grass at high superphosphate levels was interpreted as a difference in responsiveness of the two species. A regime of 2 cwt an acre superphosphate initially and 1/2 cwt an acre annually produced 90 per cent of what was considered to be the maximum yield.

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Plant nutrition studies on some yellow and red earth soils in northern Cape York Peninsula. 2. Phosphorus: plant response and soil retention

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9760542 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 16 (81) ◽

pp. 542 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

WH Winter ◽

GP Gillman

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Yield Response ◽

First Year ◽

Yield Data ◽

The Third ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

P Rate ◽

Northern Cape ◽

Cape York

The response of a Stylosanthes guyanensislBrachiaria decumbens pasture to phosphorus on a yellow earth soil in northern Cape York Peninsula was studied over three years. Establishment rates of 0 to 130 kg ha-1 P were used followed by various combinations of 0 or 20 kg ha-1 P in the next two years. With comparisons made at the same cumulative P rate the dry matter and nitrogen yields were not affected by timing of application but P yield was increased in the third year when P was freshly applied. The dry matter yield response was modified by the botanical composition of the pasture. In the first year the pasture was 90-95 per cent legume and 110 kg ha-1 P was required to give 90 per cent of the presumed maximum yield whereas in the third year when the legume content was lower, (increasing from 10 to 40 per cent with P rate) this requirement had been reduced to about 90 kg ha-1 P. The third year P yield data were used to show that the value of applied P declined by about 70 per cent each year. After three years all the applied P was recovered in the 0-60 cm zone and the distribution was not affected by timing of application. In the 0-10 cm zone the acid extractable P increased from 0 with no P applied to 40 p.p.m. with 150 kg ha-1 P applied.

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The effect of cutting frequency and root segregation on the yield from perennial ryegrass-white clover associations

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600019067 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 391-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

B. F. Bland

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Dry Matter ◽

The Third ◽

Nitrogen Yield ◽

Cutting Frequency ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Below Ground ◽

The Mean ◽

Defoliation Frequency

1. Dry-matter and nitrogen yields were recorded from perennial ryegrass-white clover associations which were defoliated 2, 4 or 6 times a year during the period 1963 to 1965.2. The average yearly output of dry matter was approximately 4000, 7000 and 6000 lb/acre for 1963, 1964 and 1965 respectively. Nitrogen harvested amounted to 132, 184 and 179 lb N/acre.3. The mean annual dry-matter yields from 2, 4 and 6 defoliations were 5300, 6100 and 6000 lb/acre and the corresponding figures for nitrogen yields were 112, 166 and 217 lb N/acre.4. Both segregation of the species below ground and increasing the defoliation frequency were responsible for higher contributions towards drymatter and nitrogen yield from the clover component.5. A comparison of the nitrogen yields between the plots with species segregated rather than integrated below ground suggests that the effects of underground nitrogen transference from 30–31 lb N/acre could first be demonstrated in the spring of the third year.

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Dry-matter and Nitrogen Yields of Legumes Interseeded into Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.2.206 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 206-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Steven J. Guldan ◽

Charles A. Martin ◽

Jose Cueto-Wong ◽

Robert L. Steiner

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Red Clover ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Hairy Vetch ◽

Vicia Villosa ◽

Barrel Medic ◽

Nitrogen Yields

Five legumes [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaerth.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)] were interseeded into sweet corn (Zea mays L.) at last cultivation when sweet corn was at about the V9 (early) or blister (late) stage. The effect of legume interseeding on sweet corn yield, and late-season dry-matter and N yields of aboveground portions of the legumes was determined. Sweet corn yield was not affected by legume interseeding. In 1993, legume dry-matter yields were 1420 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 852 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. Nitrogen yields were 49 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 33 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1994, dry-matter yields were 2760 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 1600 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. Nitrogen yields were 83 kg·ha–1 interseeded early and 50 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1993, barrel medic was the highest-yielding legume with dry matter at 2420 kg·ha–1 and N at 72 kg·ha–1 interseeded early, while red clover yielded the lowest with dry matter at 340 kg·ha–1 and N at 12 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In 1994, dry-matter and N yields ranged from 4500 and 131 kg·ha–1, respectively, for early interseeded barrel medic to 594 kg·ha–1 and 16 kg·ha–1, respectively, for late interseeded red clover.

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Annual dry matter, metabolisable energy and nitrogen yields of six dryland pastures six and seven years after establishment

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2010.72.2805 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 177-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Mills ◽

D.J. Moot

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Pasture Quality ◽

N Yield ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Metabolisable Energy ◽

Lincoln University

Dry matter (DM) yields, botanical composition, liveweight production and pasture quality of six grazed dryland pastures established in 2002 at Lincoln University, Canterbury, are reported for Years 6 (2007/08) and 7 (2008/09). Lucerne (Medicago sativa) yielded 14.0 t DM/ha/yr and sheep liveweight (LW) production totalled 903 (2007/08) and 1 141 kg/ha/yr (2008/09). Metabolisable energy (ME) on offer (~134 GJ/ha/yr) and N yield (>500 kg/ha/yr) from the lucerne exceeded those of grass-based pastures. Yields (9.8- 11.2 t DM/ha/yr) and liveweight production (814-912 kg/ha/yr) from cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) pastures established with subterranean (Trifolium subterraneum) clover were greater than all other grass-based pastures. Annual ME was 79-96 GJ/ha and N yield was 269- 316 kg/ha from the cocksfoot, subterranean clover and volunteer white clover (T. repens) components. For Year 7, the contribution of unsown weeds and grasses in cocksfoot-based pastures was ~28% of total annual yield compared with 55% in ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/ white clover pastures. Consequently, the ME and N yields from sown pasture components in ryegrass/white clover pastures were lower than those from cocksfootbased pastures. These results indicate dryland farms with lucerne and/or cocksfoot/sub clover pastures can produce higher DM yields from more persistent pasture species. Persistence led to more ME and N on offer to grazing livestock, which resulted in higher liveweight production than from the ryegrass pastures. Keywords: balansa clover, Caucasian clover, growth rates, pasture quality, T. ambiguum, T. michelianum

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Agronomic studies on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) III.* Responses to defoliation

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9750067 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 67 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

JO Akinola ◽

PC Whiteman

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Seed Production ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Management System ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Reproductive Material

Two early-maturing and two late-maturing accessions of Cajanus cajan grown in the field for 161 days were defoliated to 90 cm 'stubbles' every 4,8,12 or 16 weeks over a period of 72 weeks. Evidence from total and seasonal dry matter and nitrogen yields, stand survival, and stubble yield at the termination of the experiment suggested that 8- and 12-week defoliation frequencies could be successfully integrated to incorporate cattle grazing and forage and seed production into a single management system. The late-maturing accessions were shown clearly to be better adapted to cutting, provided that basal green leaves always remained on the stubble. Defoliation of the accession UQ50 to reduce plant height to facilitate subsequent harvesting led to a reduced annual seed yield. The first seed crop was lost, as 'topping' removed the reproductive material.

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The influence of nitrogen and water on pastures of green panic, lucerne, and glycine at Lawes, South-eastern Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9670441 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 7 (28) ◽

pp. 441 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

FH Kleinschmidt

Keyword(s):

Medicago Sativa ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Total Yield ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

South Eastern ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

Medicago Sativa L

The influence of nitrogen fertilizer and supplementary irrigation on pastures of green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichoglume K. Schum. Eyles), green panic plus Hunter River lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and green panic plus Cooper glycine (Glycine javanica L.) was measured in an experiment at Lawes, south-eastern Queensland. The yield of green panic increased and the yield of the legumes decreased when nitrogen fertilizer was added at the rate of 50 or 200 lb an acre a year. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the total dry matter and nitrogen yields from green panic and green panic plus glycine swards, but not from green panic plus lucerne swards. Lucerne was more productive than glycine. Inclusion of legumes in the sward increased the total yield of nitrogen. For plots without nitrogen fertilizer, lucerne increased the nitrogen yields by about 230 lb an acre a year, and glycine increased yields by about 60 lb an acre a year. Most of this extra nitrogen was harvested in the legume.

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The interaction of nitrogen and potassium nutrition on dry matter and nitrogen yields of the graminae: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.1002/jsfa.2740271104 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 999-1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Oscar Talibudeen ◽

Michael B. Page ◽

J. Douglas D. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Potassium Nutrition ◽

Nitrogen Yields

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Interseeding Legumes into Chile: Legume Productivity and Effect on Chile Yield

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.7.1126 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (7) ◽

pp. 1126-1128 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Steven J. Guldan ◽

Charles A. Martin ◽

Jose Cueto-Wong ◽

Robert L. Steiner

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Mexico ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Hairy Vetch ◽

Vicia Villosa ◽

Desert Region ◽

Barrel Medic ◽

Nitrogen Yields ◽

High Desert

Three legumes [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaerth.), and black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)] were interseeded into `New Mexico 6-4' chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) when plants were 20–30 cm tall (3 Aug., “early” interseeding) or when plants were 30–40 cm tall (16–17 Aug., “late” interseeding) in 1993 and 1994. Our objectives were to determine the effect of legume interseeding on cumulative chile yield, and late-season dry-matter and nitrogen yields of aboveground portions of the legumes. Legumes were harvested on 8 Nov. 1993 and 15 Nov. 1994. Chile yield was not significantly affected by legume interseeding. In 1993, legumes accumulated 57% more dry matter and 55% more N when interseeded 3 Aug. vs. 16 Aug. In 1994, legumes accumulated 91% more dry matter and 86% more N when interseeded 3 Aug. vs. 17 Aug. Aboveground dry-matter yields in 1993 ranged from 1350 kg·ha–1 for black lentil interseeded late to 3370 kg·ha–1 for hairy vetch interseeded early. Nitrogen yields ranged from 52 kg·ha–1 for black lentil interseeded late to 136 kg·ha–1 for hairy vetch interseeded early. In 1994, hairy vetch was the highest yielding legume with dry matter at 1810 kg·ha–1 and N at 56 kg·ha–1 interseeded early, while black lentil yielded the lowest with dry matter at 504 kg·ha–1 and N at 17 kg·ha–1 interseeded late. In the spring following each interseeding year, we observed that hairy vetch had overwintered well, whereas barrel medic and black lentil had not, except when a few plants of barrel medic survived the winter of 1994–95. Results from this study indicate that legumes can be successfully interseeded into chile in the high-desert region of the southwestern United States without a significant decrease in chile yield.

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