The Impact of Quantity of Lipid Based Formulations with Different Compositions on the Oral Absorption of Ritonavir: A Trade-Off between Apparent Solubility and Permeability

To improve physicochemical properties of vardenafil hydrochloride (VAR), its amorphous form and combinations with excipients—hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)—were prepared. The impact of the modification on physicochemical properties was estimated by comparing amorphous mixtures of VAR to their crystalline form. The amorphous form of VAR was obtained as a result of the freeze-drying process. Confirmation of the identity of the amorphous dispersion of VAR was obtained through the use of comprehensive analysis techniques—X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The amorphous mixtures of VAR increased its apparent solubility compared to the crystalline form. Moreover, a nearly 1.3-fold increase of amorphous VAR permeability through membranes simulating gastrointestinal epithelium as a consequence of the changes of apparent solubility (Papp crystalline VAR = 6.83 × 10−6 cm/s vs. Papp amorphous VAR = 8.75 × 10−6 cm/s) was observed, especially for its combinations with β-CD in the ratio of 1:5—more than 1.5-fold increase (Papp amorphous VAR = 8.75 × 10−6 cm/s vs. Papp amorphous VAR:β-CD 1:5 = 13.43 × 10−6 cm/s). The stability of the amorphous VAR was confirmed for 7 months. The HPMC and β-CD are effective modifiers of its apparent solubility and permeation through membranes simulating gastrointestinal epithelium, suggesting a possibility of a stronger pharmacological effect.

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Market buoyancy, information transparency and pricing strategy in the Scottish housing market

Urban Studies ◽

10.1177/0042098021991784 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 004209802199178

Author(s):

Nan Liu

Keyword(s):

Pricing Strategy ◽

Selling Price ◽

Trade Off ◽

Information Transparency ◽

North East ◽

Sealed Bid ◽

Strategy Changes ◽

The Impact ◽

Role Of Information

In housing markets there is a trade-off between selling time and selling price, with pricing strategy being the balancing act between the two. Motivated by the Home Report scheme in Scotland, this paper investigates the role of information symmetry played in such a trade-off. Empirically, this study tests if sellers’ pricing strategy changes when more information becomes available and whether this, in turn, affects the trade-off between the selling price and selling time. Using housing transaction data of North-East Scotland between 1998Q2 and 2018Q2, the findings show that asking price has converged to the predicted price of the property since the introduction of the Home Report. While information transparency reduces the effect of ‘overpricing’ on selling time, there is little evidence to show that it reduces the impact of pricing strategy on the final selling price in the sealed-bid context.

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Interrelationship Among Competition, Diversification and Liquidity Creation: Evidence from Indian Banks

Margin The Journal of Applied Economic Research ◽

10.1177/0973801021990398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 183-204

Author(s):

Pankaj Sinha ◽

Naina Grover

Keyword(s):

Inverse Relationship ◽

Consumer Welfare ◽

Adverse Impact ◽

Public And Private ◽

Jel Codes ◽

Trade Off ◽

Private Banks ◽

Indian Banks ◽

The Impact

This study analyses the impact of competition on liquidity creation by banks and investigates the dynamics between diversification, liquidity creation and competition for banks operating in India during the period from 2005 to 2018. Using the broad and narrow measures of liquidity creation, an inverse relationship is determined between liquidity creation and competition. The study also indicates a trade-off between pro-competitive policies to improve consumer welfare and the liquidity-destroying effects of competition, and it highlights how diversification affects liquidity creation. Highly diversified banks in India create less liquidity compared with less-diversified banks, both public and private. The liquidity-destroying effects of competition is intensified among highly diversified private banks, which suggest that diversification has not moderated the adverse impact of competition. JEL Codes: G01, G18, G21, G28

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Assessing the evidence on case management

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.181.1.17 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 181 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

S. J. Ziguras ◽

G. W. Stuart ◽

A. C. Jackson

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Case Management ◽

Statistical Power ◽

Cochrane Collaboration ◽

Randomised Trials ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Management Effectiveness ◽

Trade Off ◽

The Cochrane Collaboration ◽

The Impact

BackgroundEvidence on the impact of case management is contradictory.AimsTo discuss two different systematic reviews (one conducted by the authors and one conducted through the Cochrane collaboration) that came to contradictory conclusions about the impact of case management in mental health services.MethodWe summarised the findings of the two reviews with respect to case management effectiveness, examined key methodological differences between the two approaches and discuss the impact of these on the validity of the results.ResultsThe differences in conclusions between the two reviews result from the differences in inclusion criteria, namely non-randomised trials, data from unpublished scales and data from variables with skewed distributions. The theoretical and empirical effects of these are discussed.ConclusionsSystematic reviewers may face a trade-off between the application of strict criteria for the inclusion of studies and the amount of data available for analysis and hence statistical power. The available research suggests that case management is generally effective.

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120 The Experience of Housing Need Amongst Families Caring for Children with Medical Complexity: A Qualitative Study

Paediatrics & Child Health ◽

10.1093/pch/pxab061.097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. e85-e88

Author(s):

Clara Moore ◽

Kara Grace Hounsell ◽

Arielle Zahavi ◽

Danielle Arje ◽

Natalie Weiser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Study ◽

Future Research ◽

Complex Care ◽

Housing Situation ◽

Children With Medical Complexity ◽

Trade Off ◽

Housing Preferences ◽

Medical Needs ◽

Medical Complexity ◽

The Impact

Abstract Primary Subject area Complex Care Background Caregivers of children with medical complexity (CMC) face many financial, social and emotional stressors related to their child’s medical condition(s). Previous research has demonstrated that financial stress among this population can have an impact on their housing situation. Families of CMC may face other unique housing challenges such as disability accommodations in the home and housing space and layout. Objectives The primary aim of this study was to explore families’ perspectives and experiences of housing need, and its relationship to their child’s health status as it pertains to CMC. Design/Methods We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to identify themes surrounding families of CMC’s experiences of housing need. Parents of CMC were recruited through purposive sampling from the Complex Care Program at a tertiary pediatric health sciences centre. Recruitment ceased when thematic saturation was reached, as determined by consensus of the research team. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Twenty parents completed the interview, of whom 89% were mothers and 42% identified a non-English language as their first language. Two major themes and five subthemes (in parentheses) were identified: 1) the impact of health on housing (housing preferences, housing possibilities, housing outcome as a trade-off) and 2) the impact of housing on health (health of the caregiver, health of the child). Some parents reported that their child’s medical needs resulted in specific preferences regarding the location and layout of their home. Parents also indicated that their caregiving role often affected their income and home ownership status, which in turn, affected their housing possibilities. Thus, the housing situation (location and layout of the home) was often the result of a trade-off between the parent’s housing preferences and possibilities. Conclusion Housing is a recognized social determinant of health. We found that among CMC, health also appears to be a significant determinant of housing as families reported that the health of their child impacted their housing preferences and the options available to them (possibilities). To support the health of CMC and their families, policies targeting improved access to subsidized housing, improved sources of funding and regulations allowing families who rent to make accessibility changes are vital. Future research should investigate the impact of household income on housing need and identify interventions to support appropriate housing for CMC.

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Exploiting correlated molecular-dynamics networks to counteract enzyme activity–stability trade-off

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1812204115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (52) ◽

pp. E12192-E12200 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Haoran Yu ◽

Paul A. Dalby

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽

Active Site ◽

Dynamic Networks ◽

Aromatic Aldehydes ◽

Active Site Residues ◽

Trade Off ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Dynamics Simulations ◽

The Impact

The directed evolution of enzymes for improved activity or substrate specificity commonly leads to a trade-off in stability. We have identified an activity–stability trade-off and a loss in unfolding cooperativity for a variant (3M) of Escherichia coli transketolase (TK) engineered to accept aromatic substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations of 3M revealed increased flexibility in several interconnected active-site regions that also form part of the dimer interface. Mutating the newly flexible active-site residues to regain stability risked losing the new activity. We hypothesized that stabilizing mutations could be targeted to residues outside of the active site, whose dynamics were correlated with the newly flexible active-site residues. We previously stabilized WT TK by targeting mutations to highly flexible regions. These regions were much less flexible in 3M and would not have been selected a priori as targets using the same strategy based on flexibility alone. However, their dynamics were highly correlated with the newly flexible active-site regions of 3M. Introducing the previous mutations into 3M reestablished the WT level of stability and unfolding cooperativity, giving a 10.8-fold improved half-life at 55 °C, and increased midpoint and aggregation onset temperatures by 3 °C and 4.3 °C, respectively. Even the activity toward aromatic aldehydes increased up to threefold. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the mutations rigidified the active-site via the correlated network. This work provides insights into the impact of rigidifying mutations within highly correlated dynamic networks that could also be useful for developing improved computational protein engineering strategies.

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Male Youth Activities and Metropolitan Context

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a300385 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 385-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S R Holloway

Keyword(s):

Black Male ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

White Male ◽

The United States ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Trade Off ◽

Black And White ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Activity Choices ◽

The Impact

The research reported here examines the impact of metropolitan location on the activity choices of a sample of black and white male youths living in large metropolitan areas in the United States in 1980. The results of the analysis confirm that similar youths living in different metropolitan areas will make different activity choices. Furthermore, black male youths are found to be substantially more sensitive to metropolitan context than white male youths. The analysis also suggests that black and white disadvantaged youths respond differently to metropolitan context in terms of the trade-offs between activities. Disadvantaged black male youths are highly unlikely to be employed in all metropolitan areas and tend to trade-off staying in school with idleness, whereas disadvantaged white male youths tend to trade-off employment with idleness, depending on the metropolitan area they live in. This research confirms the importance of incorporating geographic context into our theoretical understanding of male youths' behavior. We must also, however, continue to address the implications of race as it shapes the context-dependent labor-market experiences of male youths.

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Visible marking of wader nests to avoid damage by farmers does not increase nest predation

Bird Conservation International ◽

10.1017/s0959270916000617 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 293-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

VÁCLAV ZÁMEČNÍK ◽

VOJTĚCH KUBELKA ◽

MIROSLAV ŠÁLEK

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Nest Predation ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Positive Experience ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Trade Off ◽

Nest Protection ◽

Vanellus Vanellus ◽

The Impact ◽

Ground Nesting

SummaryOnly a few studies have assessed the predation risk on artificially marked nests, or have examined ways of marking nests to avoid destruction by machinery. Until now, however, neither type of study has directly addressed this apparent trade-off experimentally. The impact of marking the nests of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus with thin 2 m-long conspicuous bamboo poles with the top end highlighted with reflective red or orange spray has been tested for three years in two breeding areas of waders in the Czech Republic. A total of 52 pairs of nests on agricultural land, with each pair consisting of one marked nest and one unmarked reference counterpart nest, were monitored for 2004 nest-days until hatching, agricultural operations or failure. The results proved that marking itself does not result in increased nest predation. The nests found in the early incubation stage were under higher threat of depredation, irrespective of the presence of marking. Our results show that it is possible to find a finely-tuned trade-off in nest marking of ground-nesting birds between risk of damage by agricultural machinery and risk of increased nest predation. Our positive experience with Northern Lapwing, and episodically with three other wader species in the Czech Republic, suggests that this direct nest protection could be used effectively for a wider variety of ground-nesting birds.

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The trade-off between institutionally proximal and distal markets: The impact of home market pressures on firms’ export market selection

Industrial Marketing Management ◽

10.1016/j.indmarman.2018.08.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 ◽

pp. 98-108

Author(s):

Hsiang-Lin Cheng ◽

Ming-Chang Huang

Keyword(s):

Export Market ◽

Home Market ◽

Market Selection ◽

Trade Off ◽

The Impact ◽

Market Pressures

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Fair Value Accounting and Earnings Management Using LLP and Realized Gains and Losses: Study in Banking Industry Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange

Jurnal Economia ◽

10.21831/economia.v14i2.19560 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 126-137

Author(s):

Ice Maria Ulfa ◽

Bambang Subroto ◽

Zaki Baridwan

Keyword(s):

Earnings Management ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Banking Industry ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Fair Value ◽

Fair Value Accounting ◽

Loan Loss ◽

Trade Off ◽

Gains And Losses ◽

The Impact

Abstract: Fair Value Accounting and Earnings Management Using LLP and Realized Gains and Losses: Study in Banking Industry Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study examines whether earnings management can be limited by the implementation of fair value accounting in banking industry. The main contribution of this study is providing provide empirical evidence about the impact of fair value accounting on earnings management in Indonesia. Earnings management is proxied by loan loss provision (LLP), the realized of gains and losses, and the trade-off between realized gains and losses and LLP following Bratten et al (2013). The study provides empirical evidence that earnings management is still performed by banks, by using LLP, realized gains and losses and also occurs trade-off between LLP and realized gains and losses as means to perform earnings management in accordance with the needs of management. If banks are exposed to fair value accounting, managers will have more flexibility in reporting banks’ financial performance to present a desired earning, by providing them with additional earning managements tools. These findings can be informative for policymakers, banking practitioners, and academics. Keywords: earnings management, fair value accounting, LLP, realized gains and losses, trade-off LLP and realized gains and losses.Abstrak: Akuntansi Nilai Wajar dan Manajemen Laba menggunakan CKPN dan Realized Gains and Losses: Studi pada Industri Perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti apakah manajemen laba dapat dibatasi oleh penerapan akuntansi nilai wajar dalam industri perbankan. Kontribusi dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan bukti empiris tentang dampak penerapan akuntansi nilai wajar pada manajemen laba di Indonesia. Manajemen laba diproksikan oleh cadangan kerugian penurunan nilai (CKPN), realized of gains and losses, dan trade-off antara realized of gains and losses dan CKPN mengikuti model penelitian Bratten et al (2013). Studi ini memberikan bukti empiris bahwa manajemen laba masih dilakukan oleh bank menggunakan CKPN, realized of gains and losses dan juga terjadi trade-off antara CKPN dan realized of gains and losses sebagai sarana manajemen laba sesuai dengan kebutuhan manajemen. Konsekuensi dari paparan bank terhadap akuntansi nilai wajar dapat meningkatkan fleksibilitas manajer dalam melaporkan penghasilan yang diinginkan dengan memberikan mereka alat manajemen laba. Temuan-temuan tersebut dapat bersifat informatif bagi pembuat kebijakan, anggota industri perbankan, dan akademisi. Kata kunci: manajemen laba, akuntansi nilai wajar, CKPN, realized gains and losses, trade-off CKPN dan realized gains and losses.

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