Fine cocoa beans production: tracking aroma precursors through a comprehensive analysis of flavor attributes formation

2021 ◽  
pp. 130627
Author(s):  
Sebastián Escobar ◽  
Margareth Santander ◽  
Martha Zuluaga ◽  
Iván Chacón ◽  
Jader Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Aroma Precursors

Aroma Precursors and Methylpyrazines in Underfermented Cocoa Beans Induced by Endogenous Carboxypeptidase

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. H141-H147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jinap ◽  
Y. Ikrawan ◽  
J. Bakar ◽  
N. Saari ◽  
H.N. Lioe
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Aroma Precursors

The cleavage specificity of the aspartic protease of cocoa beans involved in the generation of the cocoa-specific aroma precursors

2016 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 320-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Janek ◽  
Agathe Niewienda ◽  
Johannes Wöstemeyer ◽  
Jürgen Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Aspartic Protease ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Cleavage Specificity ◽  
Aroma Precursors

scholarly journals Small-scale Fermentation of Cocoa Beans and on-Process Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariza Budi Tunjung-Sari ◽  
Hendy Firmanto ◽  
Teguh Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Process Monitoring ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Cocoa Bean Fermentation ◽  
Aroma Precursors ◽  
Grade 3

Cocoa bean fermentation is a critical step in the formation of chocolate aroma precursors. Small-scale fermentation is needed to accommodate fermentation practice during low season and fruit scarcity. The study was conducted to address the minimum amount of wet cocoa beans required for a successful fermentation. In the trials, wet cocoa beans at different quantities, i.e. 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, and 40 kg, were incubated in separate wooden boxes for 4 days (96 hours) and turned once after 48 hours. Temperature and pH of the pulp and beans were measured every 6 hours. Dry beans were visually inspected to determine the number of grayish and purple cotyledons indicating unfermented beans. In general, smaller scale fermentations, i.e. 1 to 15 kg, resulted in similar profiles with that of standard mini-box fermentation (40 kg) in terms of temperature, pulp pH and bean pH. The 40 kg fermentation resulted in the lowest percentage of purple beans with no grayish beans, meanwhile smaller scale fermentations showed higher number of unfermented beans. The logarithmic regression indicates that as much as 1.4 kg beans producing unfermented beans of less than 20% which meets the criteria of grade 3 based on the Indonesian National Standard for cocoa bean (SNI 2323:2008/Amd1:2010). Data analysis shows that temperature below 35°C for 42 hours was associated with higher percentage of grayish and purple beans. It is concluded that cocoa bean fermentation can be carried out at least at 5 kg scale, and temperature at 42 hours could be a parameter for process monitoring.

Sozial-räumliche Dynamiken der Agrartreibstoffe.

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (184) ◽  
pp. 423-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Dietz ◽  
Bettina Engels ◽  
Oliver Pye
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Spatial Theory ◽  
Global Political Economy

This article explores the spatial dynamics of agrofuels. Building on categories from the field of critical spatial theory, it shows how these categories enable a comprehensive analysis of the spatial dynamics of agrofuels that links the macro-structures of the global political economy to concrete, place-based struggles. Four core socio-spatial dynamics of agrofuel politics are highlighted and applied to empirical findings: territorialization, the financial sector as a new scale of regulation, place-based struggles and transnational spaces of resources and capital flows.

Concerning the abuse of power by an official

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Ihor Oheruk
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Abuse Of Power ◽  
Government Functions ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Logical Semantic

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the application of the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to officials in the context, that defines them by the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. In the course of the study, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, system-structural, logical-normative. Results: in the course of research the cause of criminalization of such act as "abuse of power" is considered, the subject of the specified criminal act which has the features of "an official" in the context, that defines it by the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is analyzed and the main ways of committing criminal acts, that are provided for in this article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are identified. Originality. The study found, that one of the key conditions for the opportunity to influence officials, that are authorized to perform government or local self-government functions, is the position held by the official and the related opportunities. Therefore, taking into account the opinion of the scientists, that the subject of crimes, that are provided for by the second and third parts of Article 3692 is special, the peculiarities of which is the cumulative feature, that denotes, that such person is not endowed with the status of an official, well-founded need to specify the criminal legislation of Ukraine in terms of the application the second and third parts of Article 3692 of the Criminal code of Ukraine concerning officials in the context, that defines them by the criminal legislation of Ukraine in the note to Article 364 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Practical significance. The research results can be used in lawmaking in the improvement of anti-corruption legislation.

BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF CIVIL LAW AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
Diana Vivcharuk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Practical Significance

Purpose. The purpose of the article is the regulation of relations on the principles of civil law. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and a synthesis of available scientific and theoretical information. It is includes the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, functional, systemic-structural, logical-normative. Results: it was determined, that principles of civil law – an ideas of the civil law, that characterized by systematic,versatile, more stable, more regylated. Originality. An article is the special reseach that explores the problems of civil law in Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in legislation and law-enforcement activities.

Extending the processing of cocoa beans into the rainy season and increasing production by application of newly developed drying methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Global Cocoa Farmers and Processing Firms and Processing Firms ◽  
IQUAIBOM AKPAN MEX (MEXICATEL SERVICES LIMITED)
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Cocoa Beans

AKAD FINANCING OF MURABAHAH BETWEEN CUSTOMERS WITH MUAMALAT BANKS HARKAT VIEWED FROM SHARI'AH PRINCIPLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Candra Irawan ◽  
Adi Bastian ◽  
Febrozi Rohadi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Library Research

Currently in Indonesia Islamic Bank has gained a place and interested in the community, causing many emerging Syari'ah Bank and Financial Institutions of the syari'ah, and products in Islamic banks are widely used is murabahah financing. The formulation of the problem in this research are: (1). How is the implementation of the sale and purchase through murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat with customers. (2). Is trading system murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat and customers have been according to the principles of Syari’ah. (3). How murabahah financing efforts to resolve the breach between the customer and Muamalat Harkat. This research method is empirical legal research, this study was conducted in Bank Muamalat Harkat based data collection through field research such as interviews, observation and description as well as information from respondents through library research. The results of this research are: before an agreement Bank to assess carefully the prospective customer in the form of a comprehensive analysis and is divided into several stages, such as the assessment using the principle of 5C Character (Character of the debitor), Chapacity (Capability Candidate Debitor) , Capital (Capital candidate Debitor), Collateral (Collateral candidate Debitor) and Condition of economy (economic condition of the prospective Borrower). Trading system murabahah financing between Bank Muamalat Harkat with the customer has not fully based on the principles of the Syari'ah. Murabahah financing efforts to resolve the defaults can be solved by R3 is Restrukturing (Arrangement Back), Reconditioning (Terms Back) and Rescheduling (rescheduling), sales collateral and auction execution. 

Concerning the Concept of Light-Colour Arrangement of the Urban Environment in the Central Part of Tyumen

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov ◽  
Svetlana B. Kapeleva ◽  
Denis V. Bugaev ◽  
Gregory S. Matovnikov ◽  
Anna S. Kostareva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The City

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of outdoor lighting in the central part of Tyumen (with consideration of conducted field observations) and prospects of its development on the basis of the general plan of illumination of the central part of the city being under design. Main provisions of this general plan as well as methodological principles and assessment criteria of design solutions illustrat-ed by photographs, schemes and visualisations of the illuminated objects are described.

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