Chronic in vitro fermentation and in vivo metabolism: Extracellular polysaccharides from Sporidiobolus pararoseus regulate the intestinal microbiome of humans and mice

This study aims to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on in vitro and in vivo metabolism and the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in mice. When the in vitro fermentation test of RGE with LAB was carried out, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxadiol (PPD), which are final metabolites of ginsenosides but not contained in RGE, were greatly increased. Compound K (CK), ginsenoside Rh1 (GRh1), and GRg3 also increased by about 30%. Other ginsenosides with a sugar number of more than 2 showed a gradual decrease by fermentation with LAB for 7 days, suggesting the involvement of LAB in the deglycosylation of ginsenosides. Incubation of single ginsenoside with LAB produced GRg3, CK, and PPD with the highest formation rate and GRd, GRh2, and GF with the lower rate among PPD-type ginsenosides. Among PPT-type ginsenosides, GRh1 and PPT had the highest formation rate. The amoxicillin pretreatment (20 mg/kg/day, twice a day for 3 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the fecal recovery of CK, PPD, and PPT through the blockade of deglycosylation of ginsenosides after single oral administrations of RGE (2 g/kg) in mice. The plasma concentrations of CK, PPD, and PPT were not detectable without change in GRb1, GRb2, and GRc in this group. LAB supplementation (1 billion CFU/2 g/kg/day for 1 week) after the amoxicillin treatment in mice restored the ginsenoside metabolism and the plasma concentrations of ginsenosides to the control level. In conclusion, the alterations in the gut microbiota environment could change the ginsenoside metabolism and plasma concentrations of ginsenosides. Therefore, the supplementation of LAB with oral administrations of RGE would help increase plasma concentrations of deglycosylated ginsenosides such as CK, PPD, and PPT.

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Effect of particle size on in vitro fermentation of silages differing in dry matter content

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200596380 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 197-197

Author(s):

R. Sanderson ◽

S.J. Lister ◽

A. Sargeant ◽

M.S. Dhanoa

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Effect Of Particle Size

The objectives of this study were a) to examine the effect of particle size and silage dry matter (DM) content on the rate and pattern of fermentation of fresh silages in vitro as an aid to modelling the in vivo situation and b) to compare the rate and pattern of fermentation of fresh silage samples with those obtained for freeze-dried material.

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Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides in diets for weaner pigs on in vitro fermentation

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600032438 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 30-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J.G.M. Houdijk ◽

B.A. Williams ◽

S. Tamminga ◽

M.W.A. Verstegen

Keyword(s):

Gas Production ◽

Production Technique ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Weaner Pigs

Dietary fructooligosaccharides (FOS) shifted the proportion of propionate (↑) and acetate (↓) compared to transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) in weaner pigs' ileal digesta, both in vivo and in vitro (Houdijk et al., 1997). This could be related to different fermentation rates between these so-called non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). These rates were studied via the cumulative gas production technique comparing FOS, TOS, and glucose.

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In Vivo Ergogenic Properties of the Bifidobacterium longum OLP-01 Isolated from a Weightlifting Gold Medalist

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mon-Chien Lee ◽

Yi-Ju Hsu ◽

Hsiao-Li Chuang ◽

Pei-Shan Hsieh ◽

Hsieh-Hsun Ho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grip Strength ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Serum Lactate ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Gold Medalist

In recent years, probiotics of human origin have shown superior results and performance compared to probiotics from plant or dairy sources, in both in vitro and animal studies. Towards this end, the current study was conducted to explore the ergogenic properties of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum OLP-01 isolated from the intestinal microbiome of the gold medalist from the 2008 Beijing Olympics women’s 48 kg weightlifting competition. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and orally administered OLP-01 for 4 weeks at 0 (vehicle), 2.05 × 109 (OLP-01-1X), 4.10 × 109 (OLP-01-2X), and 1.03 × 1010 (OLP-01-5X) CFU/kg/day. Physical performance tests including grip strength and endurance time were measured, with OLP-01 supplementation dose-dependently elevating grip strength and endurance. The anti-fatigue activity levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured after an acute exercise challenge, and OLP-01 was found to significantly decrease lactate, ammonia, and CK levels. OLP-01 treatment was also found to significantly increase the resting levels of both hepatic and muscular glycogen, an indicator of energy storage. Supplementation by OLP-01 showed no subchronic toxic effects while supporting many health-promoting, performance-improving, and fatigue-ameliorating functions.

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Boosting GSH Using the Co-Drug Approach: I-152, a Conjugate of N-acetyl-cysteine and β-mercaptoethylamine

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061291 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1291 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rita Crinelli ◽

Carolina Zara ◽

Michaël Smietana ◽

Michele Retini ◽

Mauro Magnani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cultures ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

In Vivo Metabolism ◽

Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽

Immunomodulatory Properties ◽

Acetyl Cysteine ◽

High Doses ◽

The Brain

Glutathione (GSH) has poor pharmacokinetic properties; thus, several derivatives and biosynthetic precursors have been proposed as GSH-boosting drugs. I-152 is a conjugate of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and S-acetyl-β-mercaptoethylamine (SMEA) designed to release the parent drugs (i.e., NAC and β-mercaptoethylamine or cysteamine, MEA). NAC is a precursor of L-cysteine, while MEA is an aminothiol able to increase GSH content; thus, I-152 represents the very first attempt to combine two pro-GSH molecules. In this review, the in-vitro and in-vivo metabolism, pro-GSH activity and antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of I-152 are discussed. Under physiological GSH conditions, low I-152 doses increase cellular GSH content; by contrast, high doses cause GSH depletion but yield a high content of NAC, MEA and I-152, which can be used to resynthesize GSH. Preliminary in-vivo studies suggest that the molecule reaches mouse organs, including the brain, where its metabolites, NAC and MEA, are detected. In cell cultures, I-152 replenishes experimentally depleted GSH levels. Moreover, administration of I-152 to C57BL/6 mice infected with the retroviral complex LP-BM5 is effective in contrasting virus-induced GSH depletion, exerting at the same time antiviral and immunomodulatory functions. I-152 acts as a pro-GSH agent; however, GSH derivatives and NAC cannot completely replicate its effects. The co-delivery of different thiol species may lead to unpredictable outcomes, which warrant further investigation.

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