A new generation of the United States National Land Cover Database: Requirements, research priorities, design, and implementation strategies

Abstract. We develop a prognostic model of Pollen Emissions for Climate Models (PECM) for use within regional and global climate models to simulate pollen counts over the seasonal cycle based on geography, vegetation type and meteorological parameters. Using modern surface pollen count data, empirical relationships between prior-year annual average temperature and pollen season start dates and end dates are developed for deciduous broadleaf trees (Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus), evergreen needleleaf trees (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae), grasses (Poaceae; C3, C4), and ragweed (Ambrosia). This regression model explains as much as 57 % of the variance in pollen phenological dates, and it is used to create a climate-flexible phenology that can be used to study the response of wind-driven pollen emissions to climate change. The emissions model is evaluated in a regional climate model (RegCM4) over the continental United States by prescribing an emission potential from PECM and transporting pollen as aerosol tracers. We evaluate two different pollen emissions scenarios in the model: (1) using a taxa-specific land cover database, phenology and emission potential, and (2) a PFT-based land cover, phenology and emission potential. The resulting surface concentrations for both simulations are evaluated against observed surface pollen counts in five climatic subregions. Given prescribed pollen emissions, the RegCM4 simulates observed concentrations within an order of magnitude, although the performance of the simulations in any subregion is strongly related to the land cover representation and the number of observation sites used to create the empirical phenological relationship. The taxa-based model provides a better representation of the phenology of tree-based pollen counts than the PFT-based model, however we note that the PFT-based version provides a useful and climate-flexible emissions model for the general representation of the pollen phenology over the United States.

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Intellectual Property and the New Generation of Free Trade Agreements: The Agreement Between Chile and the United States of America

Knowledge Generation and Protection ◽

10.1007/978-1-4419-1264-0_4 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 85-116

Author(s):

Pedro Roffe

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intellectual Property ◽

Free Trade ◽

United States Of America ◽

Free Trade Agreements ◽

Trade Agreements ◽

The United States ◽

New Generation

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Conclusion

The Weimar Century ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691159331.003.0007 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Udi Greenberg

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

West Germany ◽

Student Movements ◽

Left Wing ◽

State Institutions ◽

Small Organizations ◽

New Vision ◽

The 1960S ◽

New Generation

This chapter considers the new vision of democracy ushered in by the generation of the 1960s. Unlike the architects of the postwar order, left-wing students challenged, rather than celebrated, the legitimacy of elected institutions and party politics. Parliaments were merely stages for oligarchies, tools for self-perpetuating elites. In both West Germany and the United States, students claimed that state institutions inevitably reinforced rigid hierarchies and oppressive norms. A “true” democracy could not be built by state agencies. Rather, it would emerge from “autonomy,” from small organizations, student movements, NGOs, and, later, human rights organizations. When the frustration and anger of this new generation exploded in protest in the late 1960s, German émigrés were among its main targets. Student journals and pamphlets frequently attacked and ridiculed the leading thinkers of the older generation. Such criticism was especially ferocious in West Germany, where returning émigrés came to represent Cold War ties with an amoral and depraved United States.

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“Every Brother on a Rooftop Can Quote Fanon”

Out of Oakland ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501702396.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sean L. Malloy

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Black Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Malcolm X ◽

Amiri Baraka ◽

The Third ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Third World ◽

Lorraine Hansberry ◽

New Generation

This chapter examines the intersection of the domestic and international developments that shaped the creation of black-led movements that looked beyond the borders of the United States for support and legitimacy in the 1960s. By the mid-1960s, the notion that black Americans should seek solidarity with the Third World rather than looking to Washington for help had attracted advocates ranging from Williams to Malcolm X, Lorraine Hansberry, Amiri Baraka, Vicki Garvin, Harold Cruse, and groups such as the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM). The successes—and failures—of these pioneering figures helped pave the way for a new generation of activists, including key figures in the birth and development of the Black Panther Party.

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National regeneration and the education of the Latin American elites

Decadent Modernity ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781786941312.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 86-115

Author(s):

Michela Coletta

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Latin American ◽

Direct Contact ◽

The United States ◽

National Character ◽

Spanish American ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Spatial Direction ◽

New Generation ◽

Cultural Connotations

Given the essentially cultural connotations of the notion of ‘Latin race’, education was widely perceived as a key tool for bringing about a process of national and regional regeneration. ‘The problem of the race’ was closely linked to ‘the problem of education’. What characterised the debate on education in all three countries was a deep concern with the need for a regeneration of the national character. This chapter explores the debates around Latin and Anglo-Saxon education models and the ways in which major contemporary theories of education were incorporated. Intellectual exchanges with the Spanish ‘regeneracionistas’ were key in the case of the pedagogical strand of Krausismo in the River Plate and especially in Uruguay. What approach to education best suited the Spanish American nations? Was ‘Latin’ education the best model to adopt? The ‘spatial’ direction of these exchanges is in itself revealing of the different national tendencies: while the Chileans ostensibly and increasingly looked towards the United States, the River Plate was largely part of a revival of Krausismo through direct contact with a new generation of Spanish krausistas.

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Millennials and Moral Panic in the United States and beyond

Sociological Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0731121420919590 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 496-505

Author(s):

Emily Andrade ◽

A. James McKeever ◽

Roberto Rivera ◽

Elizabeth Withers ◽

Hyeyoung Woo

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

United States ◽

Criminal Justice ◽

South Korea ◽

Higher Education Institutions ◽

Moral Panic ◽

The United States ◽

Transitions To Adulthood ◽

Wide Range ◽

New Generation

There have been numerous discourses around millennials and some of them may sound worrisome. To discuss millennials and moral panic, this study looks at three different areas (i.e., criminal justice, teaching at higher education institutions, and transitions to adulthood in South Korea) with some issues pertinent to millennials and younger generations faced in society currently. Drawing on a wide range of the literature, this study attempts to recognize unique characteristics of our younger generations, to find ways to better understand them using multiple angles, and to identify reasons why we should stay hopeful about the future. Our society will continue to change, often in unpredictable ways, and there will always be a new generation on the horizon. Efforts should be made to work with younger generations, learning from each other and finding ways to work together.

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