P4-062: THE RETINAL CHOROID IN SEVERE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES

: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world. While its discovery and pathological manifestations are centered on protein aggregations of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation has emerged in the last decade as a main component of the disease in both pathogenesis and progression. As the main innate immune cell type in central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a very important role in regulating neuroinflammation, which occurs commonly in neurodegenerative conditions including AD. Under inflammatory response, microglia undergo morphological changes and status transition from homeostatic to activated forms. Different microglia subtypes displaying distinct genetic profiles have been identified in AD, and these signatures often link to AD risk genes identified from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, many of AD risk genes are highly enriched in microglia and specifically influence the functions of microglia in pathogenesis, e.g. releasing inflammatory cytokines and clearing Aβ. Therefore, building up a landscape of these risk genes in microglia, based on current preclinical studies and in the context of their pathogenic or protective effects, would largely help us to understand the complexed etiology of AD and provide new insight for the unmet need of effective treatment.

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Visual Features in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2018/2941783 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

María Alejandra Cerquera-Jaramillo ◽

Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa ◽

Rodrigo E. González-Reyes ◽

Carlos Tellez-Conti ◽

Alejandra de-la-Torre

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Early Disease ◽

Early Disease Detection ◽

Advanced Disease Stage ◽

Functional Components

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It compromises patients’ daily activities owing to progressive cognitive deterioration, which has elevated direct and indirect costs. Although AD has several risk factors, aging is considered the most important. Unfortunately, clinical diagnosis is usually performed at an advanced disease stage when dementia is established, making implementation of successful therapeutic interventions difficult. Current biomarkers tend to be expensive, insufficient, or invasive, raising the need for novel, improved tools aimed at early disease detection. AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The visual system and central nervous system share many functional components. Thus, it is plausible that damage induced by Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation may be observed in visual components such as the retina, even at an early disease stage. This underscores the importance of implementing ophthalmological examinations, less invasive and expensive than other biomarkers, as useful measures to assess disease progression and severity in individuals with or at risk of AD. Here, we review functional and morphological changes of the retina and visual pathway in AD from pathophysiological and clinical perspectives.

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Neuropathology

New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0022 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 177-185

Author(s):

Peter Falkai ◽

Bernhard Bogerts

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Nigrostriatal System ◽

Brain Pathology ◽

Huntington's Chorea

The traditional domains of neuropathology are well-defined organic brain diseases with an obvious pathology, such as tumours, infections, vascular diseases, trauma, or toxic and hypoxemic changes, as well as degenerative brain diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's chorea). Neuropathological investigations of these brain disorders have been rewarding, because patients with any of these conditions can be expected to have gross morphological or more or less specific neurohistological anomalies related to the clinical symptoms of the disorders. Moreover, the type of brain pathology of these well-defined disease entities is quite homogenous. For example, it is highly unlikely that a patient with Parkinson's disease would not exhibit morphological changes and Lewy bodies in the nigrostriatal system, just as much a person with Huntington's chorea would have a normal striatum, or a patient with Pick'sor Alzheimer's disease would have no changes in the cerebralcortex. In contrast, the history of the neuropathology of psychiatric disorders outside primary degenerative diseases is much more controversial, because no such obvious and homogenous types of brain pathology (as seen in neurological disorders) have yet been detected for the major psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, affective disorders, substance-related disorders, or personality disorders. The scope of this chapter is to summarize the neuropathological findings in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and alcoholism. Tables 2.3.5.1, 2.3.5.2, 2.3.5.3, and 2.3.5.4 highlight the significant findings. It goes beyond the scope of this chapter to review thelarge body of literature on the dementias, including specifically Alzheimer's disease. Concerning this matter, the reader is referred to several comprehensive reviews (e.g. Jellinger and Bancher 1998).

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Az Alzheimer-kór molekuláris képi megjelenítése

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2019.31485 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 160 (33) ◽

pp. 1289-1295 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Annamária Albert ◽

Katalin Borbély

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Emission Tomography ◽

Clinical Form ◽

Pittsburgh Compound B ◽

Metabolic Pattern ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Β Amyloid

Abstract: The ever-growing average age of the society significantly increases the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease. The increased prevalence represents considerable social and economic burden, which urges the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods in the field. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, the typical histopathological abnormality of which are well known. The detection of functional changes results in the early diagnosis of the disease, which precedes the morphological changes by years. Positron-emission tomography plays an important role in the demonstration of metabolic changes. The glucose metabolic pattern differs significantly in each clinical form of dementia. The most important β-amyloid-binding radiopharmaceuticals that should be highlighted are [11C]Pittsburgh compound B that is widely used in the research and [18F]florbetapir that is commonly approved in diagnostics. Tracers visualising neurofibrillary tangles consisting of tau protein appeared most recently. The development continues; newer and newer radiopharmaceuticals appear. These tracers play an important role in both the research and the diagnostics. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(33): 1289–1295.

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A model of brain morphological changes related to aging and Alzheimer's disease from cross-sectional assessments

NeuroImage ◽

10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 198 ◽

pp. 255-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Raphaël Sivera ◽

Hervé Delingette ◽

Marco Lorenzi ◽

Xavier Pennec ◽

Nicholas Ayache

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Cross Sectional

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Morphological Changes of Microvessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences ◽

10.1111/j.1440-1819.1988.tb01171.x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 819-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taihei Miyakawa ◽

Yasuo Uehara ◽

Junzo Desaki ◽

Takemi Kimura ◽

Ryoko Kuramoto

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

The Brain

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A Probe into the Parallel Elements of Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience ◽

10.1166/jctn.2020.9238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 3598-3604

Author(s):

M. S. Roobini ◽

M. Lakshmi

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Support Vector ◽

Huge Number ◽

Learning Techniques ◽

Vector Machines ◽

The Mind

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a standout amongst the most familiar types of memory loss influencing a huge number of senior individuals around the world which is the main source of dementia and memory misfortune. AD causes shrinkage in hippocampus and cerebral cortex and it grows the ventricles in the mind Enhancing home and network based composed consideration is basic to alleviating Alzheimer’s impacts on people and families and to decreasing mounting medicinal services costs. Distinguishing early morphological changes in the mind and making early determination are vital for Alzheimer’s ailment (AD). A few machine learning techniques, for example, Support vector machines have been utilized and a portion of these strategies have been appeared to be extremely compelling in diagnosing AD from neuroimages, some of the time significantly more viable than human radiologists. MRI uncover the data of AD however decay districts are diverse for various individuals which makes the finding somewhat trickier. By utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks, the issue can be settled with insignificant mistake rate. This paper proposes a profound Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Alzheimer’s Disease finding utilizing mind MRI information examination. The calculation was prepared and tried utilizing the MRI information from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

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