The Impact of Neuropsychological Performance on Everyday Functioning Between Older and Younger Adults With and Without HIV

Abstract. Neurocognitive deficits in patients with mental disorders are partially due to secondary influences. “Stereotype threat” denotes the phenomenon that performance is compromised when a participant is confronted with a devaluing stereotype. The present study examined the impact of stereotype threat on neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Seventy-seven participants with a self-reported diagnosis of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition involving stereotype threat activation or a control condition in an online study. Participants completed memory and attention tests as well as questionnaires on motivation, self-efficacy expectations, cognitive complaints, and self-stigmatization. Contrary to our prediction, the two groups showed no significant differences regarding neuropsychological performance and self-report measures. Limitations, such as a possibly too weak threat cue, are discussed and recommendations for future studies are outlined.

Download Full-text

OP0151-PARE WORK IMPACTS EXPERIENCED BY YOUNGER PEOPLE WITH ARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1461 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 95.1-96

Author(s):

D. Berkovic ◽

C. Parker ◽

D. Ayton ◽

A. M. Briggs ◽

I. Ackerman

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Work Participation ◽

Work Outcomes ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Workplace Support ◽

Workplace Challenges ◽

The Impact

Background:On a global scale, it is estimated that adults in their peak income-earning years are disproportionately impacted by arthritis (1). Younger adults with arthritis are less likely to be employed and are more likely to face productivity challenges at work when compared to healthy similar-aged peers (2). The work-related impacts of arthritis on younger adults remain largely unexplored and are rarely considered in routine clinical care for arthritis.Objectives:To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise the available evidence on work impacts experienced by individuals aged 16-50 years with arthritis.Methods:Eligible studies from 2000 - 2020 were identified in OVID Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL databases using a comprehensive search strategy. Quantitative and qualitative studies containing self-reported data on the work impacts of arthritis on younger people were included. Quality assessment was undertaken using validated quality appraisal tools (3).Results:From a yield of 300 studies, 35 were included in the review. After quality assessment and exclusion of the lowest-ranked studies, 28 studies (17 quantitative, 11 qualitative) were analysed. Work outcomes data were organised into five themes (1-3 for quantitative outcomes, 4-5 for qualitative outcomes): (1) the impacts of arthritis on work productivity; (2) the impacts of arthritis on work participation; (3) other arthritis attributable workplace challenges; (4) barriers to work participation associated with arthritis, and (5) enablers to work participation associated with arthritis. For quantitative themes, arthritis was strongly associated with other workplace challenges: scores on the Workplace Activity Limitations Scale ranged from 5.9 (moderate workplace difficulty) to 9.8 (considerable workplace difficulty); and work disability relative to the healthy population (prevalence ranging from 6% - 80%). For qualitative themes, barriers to work participation included lack of workplace support; enablers included workplace support and intrinsic motivation to work.Conclusion:Arthritis is associated with poorer work outcomes for younger people relative to healthy peers. The available evidence was heterogeneous across studies. Additional research focusing solely on the unique workplace needs of younger population groups is required. This would inform the development of tailored intervention or workplace support strategies to maximise productive working years.References:[1]European League Against Rheumatism. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme: EULAR’s positions and recommendations. EULAR 2011.[2]Jetha A. (2015). The impact of arthritis on the early employment experiences of young adults: A literature review. Disabil Health J. 8(3) 317-324.[3]Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical Appraisal Tools. The University of Adelaide 2019.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Download Full-text

The Impact of Memory Change on Everyday Life Among Older Adults: Association with Cognition and Self-Reported Memory

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617720001344 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Komal T. Shaikh ◽

Erica L. Tatham ◽

Susan Vandermorris ◽

Theone Paterson ◽

Kathryn Stokes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Negative Emotion ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Strategy Use ◽

Everyday Functioning ◽

Positive Coping ◽

Memory Change ◽

Lifestyle Activities ◽

The Impact ◽

With Memory

Abstract Objectives: Many older adults experience memory changes that can have a meaningful impact on their everyday lives, such as restrictions to lifestyle activities and negative emotions. Older adults also report a variety of positive coping responses that help them manage these changes. The purpose of this study was to determine how objective cognitive performance and self-reported memory are related to the everyday impact of memory change. Methods: We examined these associations in a sample of 94 older adults (age 60–89, 52% female) along a cognitive ability continuum from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment. Results: Correlational analyses revealed that greater restrictions to lifestyle activities (|rs| = .36–.66), more negative emotion associated with memory change (|rs| = .27–.76), and an overall greater burden of memory change on everyday living (|rs| = .28–.61) were associated with poorer objective memory performance and lower self-reported memory ability and satisfaction. Performance on objective measures of executive attention was unrelated to the impact of memory change. Self-reported strategy use was positively related to positive coping with memory change (|r| = .26), but self-reported strategy use was associated with more negative emotions regarding memory change (|r| = .23). Conclusions: Given the prevalence of memory complaints among older adults, it is important to understand the experience of memory change and its impact on everyday functioning in order to develop services that target the specific needs of this population.

Download Full-text

Measuring capability wellbeing in adults at different stages of life for use in economic evaluation of health and care interventions: a qualitative investigation in people requiring kidney care

Quality of Life Research ◽

10.1007/s11136-021-02851-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Mark Mitchell ◽

Samantha Husbands ◽

Sabina Sanghera ◽

Fergus John Caskey ◽

Jemima Scott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Stage ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Qualitative Investigation ◽

Key Factors ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Patient Groups ◽

The Life Course ◽

The Impact

Abstract Purpose Capability wellbeing measures, such as the ICECAP measures, have been proposed for use in economic evaluations to capture broader outcomes of health and care interventions. The ICECAP measures have been developed to reflect capabilities at different stages of life. Some patient groups include patients of different ages and at different stages of life, so it is not always apparent which ICECAP measure is most relevant. This study explores the impact of age and life stage on completion, where both ICECAP-A and ICECAP-O were completed by the same patient. Methods A think-aloud study, and an associated semi-structured interview were conducted with people receiving kidney care as a renal outpatient, kidney transplant outpatient, or through receiving facility-based haemodialysis. Qualitative analysis focused on (1) differences in responses across measures by individuals, where attributes had conceptual overlap, (2) key factors in self-reported capability levels, and (3) measure preference. Results Thirty participants were included in the study, with a mix of older and younger adults. Attributes with similar wording across measures produced similar responses compared to attributes where wording differed. Age and health were key factors for self-reported capability levels. ICECAP-A was slightly preferred overall, including by older adults. Conclusion This study suggests use of ICECAP-A in patients with certain chronic health conditions that include a mix of adults across the life course. This study highlights the importance of considering the stage of life when using capability measures and in economic evaluations of health and care interventions more generally.

Download Full-text

New Strategies for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Including Antibodies and Other Novel Agents

Hematology ◽

10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.143 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (1) ◽

pp. 143-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Martin S. Tallman

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Myeloid Leukemia ◽

Cytotoxic Agents ◽

High Dose ◽

Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors ◽

Younger Adults ◽

The Impact ◽

Acute Myeloid

Abstract The prognosis for younger adults (≤ 55–60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has improved during the last four decades. However, there has been little progress in the treatment of older adults. This disappointing observation is important because the median age of patients with AML is about 70 years. Approximately 60%–80% of younger adults with AML achieve complete remission (CR) with the cytotoxic agents cytarabine and an anthracycline such as daunorubicin or idarubicin or the anthracenedione mitoxantrone. However, only 30%–40% of such patients are alive and disease-free at 5 years. Among older adults, CR is achieved in 40%–55%, but there are very few long-term survivors. Many studies have evaluated the impact of alternative doses and schedules, as well as additional cytotoxic drugs, on the prognosis for this group of patients. The outcome has not improved substantially beyond that achieved with conventional doses of an anthracycline and cytarabine followed by high-dose cytarabine consolidation. Several factors identified at diagnosis can predict outcome. The most important of these is the karyotype of the leukemic cells. Another critical factor is the presence of transmembrane transporter proteins, which confer multidrug resistance and mutations in or overexpression of specific genes such as WT1, C/EBPα, BAX, and BCL-2/BAX ratio, BAALC, EVI1, KIT and FLT3. The development of specific agents directed at gene mutations, signal transduction pathways and unique cell surface antigens provide the foundation for new therapeutic strategies. Such agents include the immunoconjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin, multidrug resistance inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase and proteosome inhibitors, antiangiogenesis agents, FLT3 inhibitors, apoptosis inhibitors, and nucleoside analogs. All of these agents can potentially address the heterogeneous abnormalities in AML and significantly improve the outcome for patients.

Download Full-text

Empowering Avatars – The Impact of In-Game Presence on Everyday Functioning

Culture at Play: How Video Games Influence and Replicate Our World ◽

10.1163/9789004439788_005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-36

Keyword(s):

Everyday Functioning ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Effects of a Perpetrator’s Physical Attractiveness, Socioeconomic Status and Gender on Behaviour Perception of the Participants of Sexual Harassment Situations

Psichologija ◽

10.15388/psichol.2019.9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 ◽

pp. 58-71

Author(s):

Gabija Petrauskaitė ◽

Ksenija Čunichina

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Sexual Harassment ◽

Physical Attractiveness ◽

Modern Society ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Negative Appraisal ◽

Societal Changes ◽

Extralegal Factors ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Sexual harassment is still a widespread problem in today’s modern society. Therefore, it is important to identify extralegal factors that shape society’s attitudes towards sexual harassment cases and why, sometimes, the victim of sexual harassment is being blamed for the situation. Most of the previous studies do not explore the causal relationship between the characteristics of the accused and the attitudes towards the cases. Moreover, the results of many existing studies are contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of sex, physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status (SES) of the perpetrator on the attitudes towards sexual harassment situations. A hundred seventy-nine respondents participated in the study. During the research, a fictional news report and situation assessment scale were used. It was found that only a perpetrator’s physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status had a statistically significant impact on the appraisal of the perpetrator and victim’s behavior in the situation. The physical attractiveness of the perpetrator resulted in a statistically significant positive appraisal of his behavior and a more negative appraisal of the victim’s behavior. SES only had a statistically significant impact on the appraisal of perpetrator’s behavior: when the perpetrator was of high SES, his behavior in a sexual harassment situation was perceived more negatively than that of low SES. Results of this research not only emphasize the importance of extralegal factors on the attitudes toward the sexual harassment victims and perpetrators among younger adults, but also indicates possible societal changes – diminished gender and opposite SES effects on the attitudes toward the aforementioned situations.

Download Full-text

Everyday functioning and successful aging: The impact of resources.

Psychology and Aging ◽

10.1037/0882-7974.12.3.433 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 433-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 150

Author(s):

Margret M. Baltes ◽

Frieder R. Lang

Keyword(s):

Successful Aging ◽

Everyday Functioning ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Multiple sclerosis

Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198785477.003.0029 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 417-436

Author(s):

Manoj Sivan ◽

Margaret Phillips ◽

Ian Baguley ◽

Melissa Nott

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Young Adult ◽

Adult Life ◽

Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Secondary Progressive ◽

Relapsing Remitting ◽

Disease Modifying ◽

Criteria For Diagnosis ◽

The Impact

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest of the demyelinating CNS conditions and is the most frequent condition causing neurological disability in younger adults. It causes a combination of physical and cognitive disabilities, which, when combined with starting in young adult life and with an uncertain rate of progression, make it both challenging and responsive to rehabilitation. It is important to understand the criteria for diagnosis both to be able to discuss prognosis with patients and because symptoms may become apparent later which affect the diagnosis. It is more likely that rehabilitation medicine clinicians will see those with primary or secondary progressive MS than relapsing–remitting MS because the impact of disability tends to be greater and the current benefits from disease-modifying therapies less in progressive MS.

Download Full-text

Low Back Pain among Medical Students in Belgrade (Serbia): A Cross-Sectional Study

Pain Research and Management ◽

10.1155/2018/8317906 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Isidora Vujcic ◽

Nemanja Stojilovic ◽

Eleonora Dubljanin ◽

Nebojsa Ladjevic ◽

Ivana Ladjevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Back Pain ◽

Back Pain ◽

Medical Students ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Low Back ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Everyday Functioning ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Aim. To examine the prevalence of low back pain, to identify self-perceived triggers of low back pain, and to investigate the impact of perceived pain on the daily activities and mood among medical students. Methods. This cross-sectional study enrolled 459 fourth year students at the Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade during December 2014. The anonymous questionnaire was used for data collection. In data analysis, the chi-square test and t-test were used. Results. The lifetime prevalence of low back pain was 75.8%, 12-month prevalence 59.5%, and point prevalence 17.2%. Chronic low back pain was experienced by 12.4% of the students. Both the lifetime (p=0.001) and the 12-month (p=0.001) low back pain prevalence rates were significantly higher among female medical students. Mental stress during an exam period (p=0.001), sitting at the university (p=0.002), fatigue (p=0.043), improper body posture (p=0.005), and lack of exercise (p=0.001) as self-perceived triggers of low back pain were significantly more often reported by female students, compared to males. Regarding daily functioning, the experience of low back pain mostly affects students sleeping (14.6%) and walking (12.0%). Conclusions. The prevalence of LBP is high among Belgrade medical students and significantly affects their everyday functioning.

Download Full-text