The Stereotype Threat Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Insa Happach ◽  
Karla Spirandelli ◽  
Tania M. Lincoln ◽  
Fabrice Berna
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Threat Effect ◽  
Efficacy Expectations ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Neurocognitive deficits in patients with mental disorders are partially due to secondary influences. “Stereotype threat” denotes the phenomenon that performance is compromised when a participant is confronted with a devaluing stereotype. The present study examined the impact of stereotype threat on neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Seventy-seven participants with a self-reported diagnosis of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition involving stereotype threat activation or a control condition in an online study. Participants completed memory and attention tests as well as questionnaires on motivation, self-efficacy expectations, cognitive complaints, and self-stigmatization. Contrary to our prediction, the two groups showed no significant differences regarding neuropsychological performance and self-report measures. Limitations, such as a possibly too weak threat cue, are discussed and recommendations for future studies are outlined.

The magnitude of neurocognitive impairment is overestimated in depression: the role of motivation, debilitating momentary influences, and the overreliance on mean differences

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Jingyuan Xie ◽  
Danielle Penney ◽  
Lisa Bihl ◽  
Niklas Hlubek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Performance Scale

Abstract Background Meta-analyses agree that depression is characterized by neurocognitive dysfunctions relative to nonclinical controls. These deficits allegedly stem from impairments in functionally corresponding brain areas. Increasingly, studies suggest that some performance deficits are in part caused by negative task-taking attitudes such as poor motivation or the presence of distracting symptoms. A pilot study confirmed that these factors mediate neurocognitive deficits in depression. The validity of these results is however questionable given they were based solely on self-report measures. The present study addresses this caveat by having examiners assess influences during a neurocognitive examination, which were concurrently tested for their predictive value on performance. Methods Thirty-three patients with depression and 36 healthy controls were assessed on a battery of neurocognitive tests. The examiner completed the Impact on Performance Scale, a questionnaire evaluating mediating influences that may impact performance. Results On average, patients performed worse than controls at a large effect size. When the total score of the Impact on Performance Scale was accounted for by mediation analysis and analyses of covariance, group differences were reduced to a medium effect size. A total of 30% of patients showed impairments of at least one standard deviation below the mean. Conclusions This study confirms that neurocognitive impairment in depression is likely overestimated; future studies should consider fair test-taking conditions. We advise researchers to report percentages of patients showing performance deficits rather than relying solely on overall group differences. This prevents fostering the impression that the majority of patients exert deficits, when in fact deficits are only true for a subgroup.

scholarly journals Does Sexism Affect Thai Women's Psychological and Behavioural Responses? The Stereotype Threat-Buffering Effect of Mindfulness

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prapimpa Jarunratanakul ◽  
Kamonkan Jinchang
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Career Aspirations ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Mindfulness Practice ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
The Impact

Few studies have examined the linkage of perceived sexism with stereotype threat and psychological responses in a work setting and moderators that may buffer this negative effect. In Study 1, the relationships among perceived sexism, stereotype threat, and psychological responses were explored among Thai female employees (N = 296) in a self-report questionnaire study. The aim of Study 2 was to investigate whether mindfulness can mitigate the disastrous effect of sexism on performance, using an experimental design. In Study 1, the standard error of measurement (SEM) results observed a partial mediation effect of stereotype threat for the sexism-disidentification relationship, and sexism only had a significant direct effect on career aspirations. In Study 2, the interaction effect of sexism × mindfulness on the female participants’ reasoning test scores was significant, indicating that those with mindfulness practice performed better when being exposed to sexist behaviours. The current research provides additional information on understanding the impact of sexism on disengagement and decreased career aspirations among Thai female employees in male-dominated industries. In practice, Thai organisations should be concerned about the impact of sexism on disengagement and the protective factor of performance decrements by encouraging anti-sexist norms and fostering the cultivation of mindfulness through practice.

scholarly journals Dysfunction by Disclosure? Stereotype Threat as a Source of Secondary Neurocognitive Malperformance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 584-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Moritz ◽  
Karla Spirandelli ◽  
Insa Happach ◽  
Despina Lion ◽  
Fabrice Berna
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectives: There is mixed evidence regarding whether patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display substantial neurocognitive deficits. Several studies implicate poor motivation, comorbid disorders, or distraction due to obsessive thoughts as potential causes of secondary malperformance. The present study examined the impact of stereotype threat (i.e., confrontation with a negative stereotype may impair performance) on neuropsychological functioning in individuals with OCD. We hypothesized that a stereotype threat cue emphasizing neurocognitive deficits in OCD (as is often conveyed in disclosure and consent documents that inform patients about the purpose of a study) would compromise patients’ test performance relative to a control group who did not receive such cue. Methods: Fifty participants with either a verified or a likely diagnosis of OCD were recruited online and randomly assigned to either an experimental condition aimed to elicit stereotype threat or a control condition. Both groups underwent (objective) memory and attention (Go/NoGo task) assessments and completed questionnaires capturing psychopathology, cognitive complaints, and self-stigma. Results: As hypothesized, patients in the stereotype threat condition performed worse on the Go/NoGo task. Groups did not differ on any other measures. Conclusions: Stereotype threat negatively impacted neuropsychological performance on an attention task. The threat cue was perhaps too weak or the stereotype threat was already internalized by the patients and “saturated” at baseline so that no effect emerged on the other measures. Implications for clinical trials are discussed. (JINS, 2018, 24, 584–592)

scholarly journals The Impact of a Training Device on Perception and Performance by Novice Users of an Autoinjector

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-196
Author(s):  
Jenna Garafalo ◽  
Huiyang Li ◽  
Michael Lau
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Data ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Novice Users ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Device Use ◽  
Instructions For Use ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

The study was conducted to understand the effects of having access to different training materials in the interim between training and first use of an injection device for 27 injection-naïve participants. Participants were told they would be giving themselves a real injection of saline in the return session, and were not told that they would use injection pads until after subjective data was gathered during session 2. This deception paradigm was used to increase the external validity of the study. Participants self-trained in one of three conditions based on what they were given to take home: instructions for use, mechanical trainer, and/or a training video. Participants self-trained in session 1, performed a simulated injection in the session 2 two weeks later, and completed three online surveys in the interim. In session 2, a majority of participants were able to achieve minimally acceptable performance to deliver the medication during the simulated use of the autoinjector. Participants who took home a mechanical trainer had fewer use deviations than those who did not have the trainer at home. This difference was only seen in injection specific subtasks; performance on pre- and post-injection subtasks was low across all groups. Intermittent practice with a mechanical trainer was seen to improve performance on subtasks involved in the motor performance of the injection itself but did not impact performance or compliance with other tasks important to the injection. More holistic training solutions may be required to impact other aspects of the injection beyond the injection itself. While performance differed, subjective ratings did not differ, showing an overconfidence bias that may affect a user’s ability to self-report competence in device use.

Meat disgust is negatively associated with meat intake - evidence from a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Becker ◽  
Natalia Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Meat consumption is increasingly seen as unsustainable, unhealthy, and unethical. Understanding what factors help people reduce their meat intake is urgently needed. One such factor is meat disgust, a feeling reported by many vegetarians, and which could be a promising basis for meat reduction interventions. However, meat disgust and its impact on meat consumption is poorly understood. We examined meat disgust and its role in vegetarianism and reducing meat intake in a cross-sectional and longitudinal online study. We measured self-reported meat consumption, meat disgust (by self-report and Implicit Association Test), meat liking, self-control, and disgust sensitivity in N=711 adults (57% omnivores, 28% flexitarians, 15% vegetarians) recruited from a community cohort. Results showed that 73% of vegetarians can be classified as ‘meat disgusted’, and that meat disgust predicted meat intake better than self-control in omnivores and flexitarians at baseline. Following up a sub-sample of participants (N=197) after six months revealed that changes in meat intake over time were also associated with changes in meat disgust. This is the first study to quantify the impact of meat disgust on (changes in) meat consumption and its prevalence in the vegetarian and the general population. Our findings advance research into meat disgust and encourage the development of disgust-based interventions to reduce meat intake.

Research Participation Experiences of Informants of Suicide and Control Cases

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. C. Wong ◽  
Wincy S. C. Chan ◽  
Philip S. L. Beh ◽  
Fiona W. S. Yau ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ethical issues have been raised about using the psychological autopsy approach in the study of suicide. The impact on informants of control cases who participated in case-control psychological autopsy studies has not been investigated. Aims: (1) To investigate whether informants of suicide cases recruited by two approaches (coroners’ court and public mortuaries) respond differently to the initial contact by the research team. (2) To explore the reactions, reasons for participation, and comments of both the informants of suicide and control cases to psychological autopsy interviews. (3) To investigate the impact of the interviews on informants of suicide cases about a month after the interviews. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for the informants of both suicide and control cases. Telephone follow-up interviews were conducted with the informants of suicide cases. Results: The majority of the informants of suicide cases, regardless of the initial route of contact, as well as the control cases were positive about being approached to take part in the study. A minority of informants of suicide and control cases found the experience of talking about their family member to be more upsetting than expected. The telephone follow-up interviews showed that none of the informants of suicide cases reported being distressed by the psychological autopsy interviews. Limitations: The acceptance rate for our original psychological autopsy study was modest. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for future participants and researchers in measuring the potential benefits and risks of participating in similar sensitive research. Psychological autopsy interviews may be utilized as an active engagement approach to reach out to the people bereaved by suicide, especially in places where the postvention work is underdeveloped.

The Impact of Mobile Gadget in EFL Learning: Perceptions of EFL Undergraduates

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imam - Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Learning Activity ◽  
Advanced Country ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efl Learning

AbstractMost of young people are enthusiasticin having the most recent mobile gadgets just to boast among their peers. They likely utilize them to make phone calls, take pictures, listen to songs, watch videos, or surf the internet access for learning or just entertainment. In a technologically advanced country like Indonesia, the third and fourth generation (3G, 4G) mobile devices are available at affordable prices, and people of all streams find it necessary to own a mobile gadget for connecting and communicating.  Moreover, it has become a common trend among undergraduates to carry a mobile gadget to the classroom as well.In this paper, the researcher emphasize the potential of mobile gadgets as a learning tool for students and have incorporated them into the learning environment.The present study examines the application of mobile gadgetin EFL learning and investigates the perceptions of EFL students about mobile gadget in learning activity.  A field study was conducted on thirty undergraduatestudents majoring in accounting study Serang Raya University.  The methodology of data collection included a self-report for students and teachers’ and students’ questionnaire. Findings of the research are significant for EFL teachers and researchers for introducing innovative methods and helpful materials for the English classroom.Keywords: Mobile gadget, students’ perception, teachers’ perception..

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