The impact of the transition from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep herding on human meat consumption: Multi-isotopic analyses of human bone collagen at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey

Maya archaeologists have long been interested in understanding ancient diets because they provide information about broad-scale economic and societal transformations. Though paleodietary studies have primarily relied on stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic analyses of human bone collagen to document the types of food people consumed, stable sulfur (δ34S) isotope analysis can potentially provide valuable data to identify terrestrial, freshwater, or marine/coastal food sources, as well as determine human mobility and migration patterns. Here we assess applications of δ34S for investigating Maya diet and migration through stable isotope analyses of human bone collagen (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) from 114 individuals from 12 sites in the Eastern Maya lowlands, temporally spanning from the Late Preclassic (300 BCE—300 CE) through Colonial periods (1520–1800 CE). Results document a diet dominated by maize and other terrestrial resources, consistent with expectations for this inland region. Because δ34S values reflect local geology, our analyses also identified recent migrants to the Eastern lowlands who had non-local δ34S signatures. When combined with other indicators of mobility (e.g., strontium isotopes), sulfur isotopic data provide a powerful tool to investigate movement across a person’s lifespan. This study represents the largest examination of archaeological human δ34S isotope values for the Maya lowlands and provides a foundation for novel insights into both subsistence practices and migration.

Download Full-text

ANALISIS DETERMINAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN PERIODE 1999-2013

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis ◽

10.24123/jeb.v21i1.1632 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 9-20

Author(s):

Ersalina Tang

Keyword(s):

Foreign Direct Investment ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

Domestic Product ◽

World Data ◽

The World ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Energy Consumption, Electric Consumption, and Meat Consumption on CO2 emissions of 41 countries in the world using panel data from 1999 to 2013. After analyzing 41 countries in the world data, furthermore 17 countries in Asia was analyzed with the same period. This study utilized quantitative approach with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method. The results of 41 countries in the world data indicates that Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Energy Consumption, and Meat Consumption significantlyaffect Environmental Qualities which measured by CO2 emissions. Whilst the results of 17 countries in Asia data implies that Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption, and Electric Consumption significantlyaffect Environmental Qualities. However, Gross Domestic Product and Meat Consumption does not affect Environmental Qualities.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes after Introduction of a Dedicated Infectious Diseases- Critical Care Medicine Service in Critical Care Units

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab182 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Polina Trachuk ◽

Vagish Hemmige ◽

Ruth Eisenberg ◽

Kelsie Cowman ◽

Victor Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Care ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Critical Care Medicine ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Intervention Period ◽

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics ◽

Antibiotic Utilization ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective Infection is a leading cause of admission to intensive care units (ICU), with critically ill patients often receiving empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics. Nevertheless, a dedicated infectious diseases (ID) consultation and stewardship team is not routinely established. An ID-Critical Care Medicine (ID-CCM) pilot program was designed at a 400-bed tertiary care hospital in which an ID attending was assigned to participate in daily rounds with the ICU team, as well as provide ID consultation on select patients. We sought to evaluate the impact of this dedicated ID program on antibiotic utilization and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to the ICU. Method In this single site retrospective study, we analyzed antibiotic utilization and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to an ICU during post-intervention period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 and compared it to antibiotic utilization in the same ICUs during the pre-intervention period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Results Our data showed a statistically significant reduction in usage of most frequently prescribed antibiotics including vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime during the intervention period. When compared to pre-intervention period there was no difference in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay and re-admission. Conclusion With this multidisciplinary intervention, we saw a decrease in the use of the most frequently prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics without a negative impact on clinical outcomes. Our study shows that the implementation of an ID-CCM service is a feasible way to promote antibiotic stewardship in the ICU and can be used as a strategy to reduce unnecessary patient exposure to broad-spectrum agents.

Download Full-text

Reducing Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Use in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): Reduce AMMO Study

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciab118 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aditya Shah ◽

Priya Sampathkumar ◽

Ryan W Stevens ◽

John K Bohman ◽

Brian D Lahr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Membrane Oxygenation ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill adults is increasing. There are currently no guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis. We analyzed 7 years of prophylactic antimicrobial use across three time series for patients on ECMO at our institution in the development, improvement, and streamlining of our ECMO antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol. Study design and Methods In this quasi-experimental interrupted time series analysis, we evaluated the impact of an initial ECMO antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol, implemented in 2014, on antimicrobial use and NHSN reportable infection rates. Then, following a revision and streamlining of the protocol in November 2018, we re-evaluated the same metrics. Results Our study population included 338 ICU patients who received ECMO between July 2011 and November 2019. After implementation of the first version of the protocol we did not observe significant changes in antimicrobial use or infection rates in these patients; however, following revision and streamlining of the protocol, we demonstrated a significant reduction in broad spectrum antimicrobial use for prophylaxis in patients on ECMO without any evidence of a compensatory increase in infection rates. Conclusion Our final protocol significantly reduces broad spectrum antimicrobial use for prophylaxis in patients on ECMO. We propose a standard antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen for patients on ECMO based on current evidence and our experience.

Download Full-text

Changes in the Use of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics after Cefepime Shortage: a Time Series Analysis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.05560-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 989-994 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

C. Plüss-Suard ◽

A. Pannatier ◽

C. Ruffieux ◽

A. Kronenberg ◽

K. Mühlemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Antibiotic Policy ◽

Content Type ◽

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics ◽

Before And After ◽

Alternative Antibiotic ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTThe original cefepime product was withdrawn from the Swiss market in January 2007 and replaced by a generic 10 months later. The goals of the study were to assess the impact of this cefepime shortage on the use and costs of alternative broad-spectrum antibiotics, on antibiotic policy, and on resistance ofPseudomonas aeruginosatoward carbapenems, ceftazidime, and piperacillin-tazobactam. A generalized regression-based interrupted time series model assessed how much the shortage changed the monthly use and costs of cefepime and of selected alternative broad-spectrum antibiotics (ceftazidime, imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam) in 15 Swiss acute care hospitals from January 2005 to December 2008. Resistance ofP. aeruginosawas compared before and after the cefepime shortage. There was a statistically significant increase in the consumption of piperacillin-tazobactam in hospitals with definitive interruption of cefepime supply and of meropenem in hospitals with transient interruption of cefepime supply. Consumption of each alternative antibiotic tended to increase during the cefepime shortage and to decrease when the cefepime generic was released. These shifts were associated with significantly higher overall costs. There was no significant change in hospitals with uninterrupted cefepime supply. The alternative antibiotics for which an increase in consumption showed the strongest association with a progression of resistance were the carbapenems. The use of alternative antibiotics after cefepime withdrawal was associated with a significant increase in piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem use and in overall costs and with a decrease in susceptibility ofP. aeruginosain hospitals. This warrants caution with regard to shortages and withdrawals of antibiotics.

Download Full-text

Anthropology and Development: The 1998 ICAES Discussion

Practicing Anthropology ◽

10.17730/praa.21.1.46247kq4nj3372u4 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

Suzanne Hanchett

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

International Congress ◽

Development Projects ◽

Subsequent Discussion ◽

The Subject ◽

The Impact

Despite our failures, anthropological thinking has made an impact on development, said Paolo Palmeri (of the Universita degli Studi, in Padova, Italy) as heintroduced the first of two sessions on anthropology and development at the fourteenth meeting of the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (ICAES) at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburgh, Virginia, July 1998. We have "kept people in the picture," he continued, and we have expanded the concept of "development" beyond mere economic growth. Subsequent discussion at this and a second session exposed a broad spectrum of opinion about the subject. Some expressed similarly positive views, while others pressed urgent questions and concerns about the impact of anthropology on development and, more importantly, the impact of some big development projects on people supposedly benefitting from them.

Download Full-text

A RANDOMIZED TRIAL TO MEASURE THE OPTIMAL ROLE OF THE PHARMACIST IN PROMOTING EVIDENCE-BASED ANTIBIOTIC USE IN ACUTE CARE HOSPITALS

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care ◽

10.1017/s0266462300105033 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 171-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

George Dranitsaris ◽

Diana Spizzirri ◽

Monique Pitre ◽

Allison McGeer

Keyword(s):

Acute Care ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Control Group ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics ◽

The Impact

Background: There is a considerable gap between randomized clinical trials and implementing the results into practice. This is particularly relevant in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitals. Hospital pharmacists can be effective vehicles for bridging this gap and promoting evidence-based medicine. To determine the most effective way of using the pharmacist in this role, a prospective cefotaxime intervention study was conducted with randomization incorporated into the design as well as patient-related therapeutic outcomes.Methods: A total of 323 patients who were prescribed cefotaxime were randomized into an intervention or nonintervention group where only the former was challenged by pharmacists for inappropriate cefotaxime usage relative to hospital guidelines. The primary outcome was the appropriateness of cefotaxime prescribing between groups. Logistic regression analysis was then used to identify factors that were associated with successful clinical response.Results: Overall, 94% of orders in the intervention group met cefotaxime dosage criteria compared with 86% in the control group (p = .018). However, there was no impact with respect to promoting cefotaxime use for an appropriate indication (81% vs. 80%; p = .67). There was a trend for improved clinical outcomes in patients who received cefotaxime within hospital guidelines (OR = 1.73; p = .31).Conclusions: The pharmacist as a vehicle for promoting the appropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the acute care hospital setting can improve the dosing of such agents. However, several barriers to optimizing the impact of the pharmacist were implied by the data. Removing these barriers could increase the pharmacists' utility as an agent for improved patient care.

Download Full-text

The Impact of a National Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciy902 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 227-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Violeta Balinskaite ◽

Alan P Johnson ◽

Alison Holmes ◽

Paul Aylin

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Time Series ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Series Data ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Segmented Regression ◽

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic ◽

Stewardship Program ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The Quality Premium was introduced in 2015 to financially reward local commissioners of healthcare in England for targeted reductions in antibiotic prescribing in primary care. Methods We used a national antibiotic prescribing dataset from April 2013 until February 2017 to examine the number of antibiotic items prescribed, the total number of antibiotic items prescribed per STAR-PU (specific therapeutic group age/sex-related prescribing units), the number of broad-spectrum antibiotic items prescribed, and broad-spectrum antibiotic items prescribed, expressed as a percentage of the total number of antibiotic items. To evaluate the impact of the Quality Premium on antibiotic prescribing, we used a segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series data. Results During the study period, over 140 million antibiotic items were prescribed in primary care. Following the introduction of the Quality Premium, antibiotic items prescribed decreased by 8.2%, representing 5933563 fewer antibiotic items prescribed during the 23 post-intervention months, as compared with the expected numbers based on the trend in the pre-intervention period. After adjusting for the age and sex distribution in the population, the segmented regression model also showed a significant relative decrease in antibiotic items prescribed per STAR-PU. A similar effect was found for broad-spectrum antibiotics (comprising 10.1% of total antibiotic prescribing), with an 18.9% reduction in prescribing. Conclusions This study shows that the introduction of financial incentives for local commissioners of healthcare to improve the quality of prescribing was associated with a significant reduction in both total and broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing in primary care in England.

Download Full-text

Rather yield than break: assessing the influence of human bone collagen content on heat-induced warping through vibrational spectroscopy

International Journal of Legal Medicine ◽

10.1007/s00414-016-1400-x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 130 (6) ◽

pp. 1647-1656 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ana R. Vassalo ◽

Eugénia Cunha ◽

Luís A. E. Batista de Carvalho ◽

David Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽

Human Bone ◽

Collagen Content ◽

Bone Collagen

Download Full-text

Phycobilins as Potent Food Bioactive Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors Against Proteases of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses: A Preliminary Study

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.645713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Brahmaiah Pendyala ◽

Ankit Patras ◽

Chandravanu Dash

Keyword(s):

Binding Affinity ◽

Broad Spectrum ◽

In Silico ◽

Research Area ◽

Therapeutic Drug ◽

Inhibitor Activity ◽

Current Vaccine ◽

Mutant Strains ◽

The Impact

In the 21st century, we have witnessed three coronavirus outbreaks: SARS in 2003, MERS in 2012, and the ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The search for efficient vaccines and development and repurposing of therapeutic drugs are the major approaches in the COVID-19 pandemic research area. There are concerns about the evolution of mutant strains (e.g., VUI – 202012/01, a mutant coronavirus in the United Kingdom), which can potentially reduce the impact of the current vaccine and therapeutic drug development trials. One promising approach to counter the mutant strains is the “development of effective broad-spectrum antiviral drugs” against coronaviruses. This study scientifically investigates potent food bioactive broad-spectrum antiviral compounds by targeting main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) proteases of coronaviruses (CoVs) using in silico and in vitro approaches. The results reveal that phycocyanobilin (PCB) shows potential inhibitor activity against both proteases. PCB had the best binding affinity to Mpro and PLpro with IC50 values of 71 and 62 μm, respectively. Also, in silico studies with Mpro and PLpro enzymes of other human and animal CoVs indicate broad-spectrum inhibitor activity of the PCB. As with PCB, other phycobilins, such as phycourobilin (PUB), phycoerythrobilin (PEB), and phycoviolobilin (PVB) show similar binding affinity to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro.

Download Full-text