1. Ewes were made hypocupraemic by feeding a copper-deficient diet and the subsequent responses in plasma Cu obtained when Cu was added to the diet were used to assess the biological availability of the added Cu.2. The uniformity of responses was investigated by repleting thirty-six ewes for 33 d on two occasions with a standard diet containing 5.0 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). The mean responses were 0.36 and 0.33 mg/l and the coefficient of variation was approximately 53% on each occasion. The marked individual differences were largely repeatable, the correlation coefficient (r) within individuals being 0.68 (P < 0.001).3. A dose: response relationship was investigated by giving five groups of seven ewes diets containing 2.7, 4.2, 5.7, 7.2 or 8.7 mg Cu/kg DM for 33 d. Each increment in dietary Cu above 4.2 mg/kg significantly increased the response in plasma Cu. The relationship between plasma Cu response (y, mg/l) and Cu intake (x, mg/d) after 21 d was y = 0.0871x−0.250 (r = 0.99; 3 df).4. The source of individual variation was investigated by comparing the responses of three ‘slow’ and three ‘fast’ responding ewes from Expt 1 to Cu given as a continuous intravenous infusion at rates of 0.05–0.3 mg/d. The relationship between plasma Cu response (y) and infusion rate (x, mg/d) after 17 d, was y = 2.135x –0.156 (r = 0.86; P < 0 .001). The regression coefficients for ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ responding ewes were similar, as was their metabolism of intravenous 64Cu, suggesting that the individual differences were due to differences in absorption rather than in the metabolism of absorbed Cu. Faecal endogenous Cu excretion was estimated to be 0.127 ± 0.019 (mean ± SE) mg/d.5. The relative responses to oral and intravenous Cu were used to estimate the true availability of dietary Cu; in one experiment it was 4.1% and for individual ewes in another experiment, availabilities ranged from 4.5 to 11.4%. The figures are compared with assessments by conventional techniques.6. It is concluded that the repletion technique provides a sensitive means of assessing the availability of Cu in ruminant diets.
Ethnic Identity and Acculturation Orientation of Chinese Yi Villagers in the Context of Social Media
