Virucidal Activity of Nasal Sprays Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for cellular entry, but it might also rely on attachment receptors such as heparan sulfates. Several groups have recently demonstrated an affinity of the SARS-CoV2 spike protein for heparan sulfates and a reduced binding to cells in the presence of heparin or heparinase treatment. Here, we investigated the inhibitory activity of several sulfated and sulfonated molecules, which prevent interaction with heparan sulfates, against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-pseudotyped-SARS-CoV-2 and the authentic SARS-CoV-2. Sulfonated cyclodextrins and nanoparticles that have recently shown broad-spectrum non-toxic virucidal activity against many heparan sulfates binding viruses showed inhibitory activity in the micromolar and nanomolar ranges, respectively. In stark contrast with the mechanisms that these compounds present for these other viruses, the inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 was found to be simply reversible.

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In Vitro Efficacy of “Essential Iodine Drops” Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

10.1101/2020.11.07.370726 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Köntös Zoltán

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cytopathic Effect ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Virus Stock ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Strain Virus ◽

Respiratory Droplets ◽

Elemental Iodine

AbstractBackgroundAerosolization of respiratory droplets is considered the main route of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reducing the viral load of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shed via respiratory droplets is potentially an ideal strategy to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The in vitro virucidal activity of intranasal Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) has been demonstrated recently to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. This study evaluated the virucidal activity of the aqueous solution of Iodine-V (a clathrate complex formed by elemental iodine and fulvic acid) as in Essential Iodine Drops (EID) with 200 μg elemental iodine/ml content against SARS-CoV-2 to ascertain whether it is a better alternative to PVP-I.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 (USAWA1/2020 strain) virus stock was prepared by infecting Vero 76 cells (ATCC CRL-1587) until cytopathic effect (CPE). The virucidal activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in three dilutions (1:1; 2:1 and 3:1) in triplicates by incubating at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) for either 60 or 90 seconds. The surviving viruses from each sample were quantified by a standard end-point dilution assay.ResultsEID (200 μg iodine/ml) after exposure for 60 and 90 seconds was compared to controls. In both cases, the viral titre was reduced by 99% (LRV 2.0). The 1:1 dilution of EID with virus reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus from 31,623 cell culture infectious dose 50% (CCCID50) to 316 CCID50 within 90 seconds.ConclusionSubstantial reductions in LRV by Iodine-V in EID confirmed the activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, demonstrating that Iodine-V in EID is effective at inactivating the virus in vitro and therefore suggesting its potential application intranasally to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission from known or suspected COVID-19 patients.

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Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa471 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 222 (8) ◽

pp. 1289-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Toni Luise Meister ◽

Yannick Brüggemann ◽

Daniel Todt ◽

Carina Conzelmann ◽

Janis A Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Global Health ◽

Salivary Glands ◽

Virus Replication ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Antiviral Efficacy ◽

Virucidal Efficacy

Abstract The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic creates a significant threat to global health. Recent studies suggested the significance of throat and salivary glands as major sites of virus replication and transmission during early coronavirus disease 2019, thus advocating application of oral antiseptics. However, the antiviral efficacy of oral rinsing solutions against SARS-CoV-2 has not been examined. Here, we evaluated the virucidal activity of different available oral rinses against SARS-CoV-2 under conditions mimicking nasopharyngeal secretions. Several formulations with significant SARS-CoV-2 inactivating properties in vitro support the idea that oral rinsing might reduce the viral load of saliva and could thus lower the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

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Virucidal Effect of the Mesoscopic Structure of CAC-717 on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9102096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2096

Author(s):

Takashi Yokoyama ◽

Tomoyasu Nishimura ◽

Yoshifumi Uwamino ◽

Kenjiro Kosaki ◽

Koichi Furusaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Alkaline Condition ◽

Viral Infectivity ◽

Virus Inactivation ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Mesoscopic Structure ◽

Calcium Bicarbonate ◽

Virucidal Effect

Here, the virucidal effect of calcium bicarbonate with a mesoscopic structure (CAC-717) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was determined. Assays showed that CAC-717 had a strong virucidal effect on all examined SARS-CoV-2 isolates, including variant strains. The viral infectivity decreased within 15 s, and the virucidal activity of CAC-717 at a 1:49 ratio was similar to that of ethanol disinfectant. CAC-717 neutralization eliminated this virucidal effect, indicating that the alkaline condition of CAC-717 is important for virus inactivation and is an indicator of its mesoscopic structure and virucidal activity. The virucidal effect was observed in the presence of organic matter (bovine serum albumin). CAC-717 is a non-invasive and non-flammable substance with a low environmental burden, and its usefulness as a novel disinfectant has been confirmed.

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Efficacy of bioflavonoids of FLAVOBA against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in vitro

STOMATOLOGY EDU JOURNAL ◽

10.25241/stomaeduj.2021.8(2).art.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 95-99

Author(s):

Abdelahhad Barbour ◽

◽

Lynda Gail Darlington ◽

Michelle Mendenhall ◽

Henriette Lerner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Oral Care ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Oral Rinse ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Transmission Reduction ◽

Oral Decontamination ◽

Respiratory Droplets ◽

Virucidal Efficacy

Introduction The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the global pandemic of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Human-to-human transmission occurs mainly through the aerosolization of respiratory droplets. Improved antisepsis of human and non-human surfaces has been identified as a key feature of transmission reduction. Flavobac, a complex of soluble bioflavonoids and hydroxylated phenolic structures used in oral care products, has demonstrated efficacy to act against microorganisms. This study evaluated nasal and oral antiseptic formulations of FLAVOBAC for the virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. Methodology FLAVOBAC nasal antiseptic formulations and FLAVOBAC oral rinse antiseptic formulations from 1-10% concentrations were assayed for virucidal efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 was exposed directly to the test compound for 60 seconds or 5 minutes. Compounds were then neutralized, and the surviving virus was quantified. Results All concentrations of nasal antiseptics and oral rinse antiseptics evaluated completely inactivated the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Conclusion Nasal and oral FLAVOBAC solutions are effective at inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus at a variety of concentrations after 60-second or 5-minute exposure times. The formulations tested have the potential to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 if used for nasal/oral decontamination, or surface decontamination in known or suspected cases of COVID-19.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Inactivation Activity of the Polyphenol-Rich Tea Leaf Extract with Concentrated Theaflavins and Other Virucidal Catechins

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164803 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4803

Author(s):

Yohei Takeda ◽

Kyohei Tamura ◽

Dulamjav Jamsransuren ◽

Sachiko Matsuda ◽

Haruko Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Real Time ◽

Western Blotting ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Culture Media ◽

Control Measures ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Tea Leaf

Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is producing a large number of infections and deaths globally, the development of supportive and auxiliary treatments is attracting increasing attention. Here, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity of the polyphenol-rich tea leaf extract TY-1 containing concentrated theaflavins and other virucidal catechins. The TY-1 was mixed with SARS-CoV-2 solution, and its virucidal activity was evaluated. To evaluate the inhibition activity of TY-1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection, TY-1 was co-added with SARS-CoV-2 into cell culture media. After 1 h of incubation, the cell culture medium was replaced, and the cells were further incubated in the absence of TY-1. The viral titers were then evaluated. To evaluate the impacts of TY-1 on viral proteins and genome, TY-1-treated SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and viral RNA were analyzed using western blotting and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. TY-1 showed time- and concentration-dependent virucidal activity. TY-1 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells. The results of western blotting and real-time RT-PCR suggested that TY-1 induced structural change in the S2 subunit of the S protein and viral genome destruction, respectively. Our findings provided basic insights in vitro into the possible value of TY-1 as a virucidal agent, which could enhance the current SARS-CoV-2 control measures.

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Natural Derived Nasal Spray; a Proposed Approach for COVID-19 Disease Control

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526521666210218201113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Hoseini-Tavassol ◽

Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed ◽

Ahmad-Reza Soroush ◽

Zahra Sajjadpour ◽

Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Disease Control ◽

Nasal Spray ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Lung Cells ◽

Study Objective ◽

Nasal Sprays

Abstract: Considering the importance of COVID-19 disease pandemic, emerged by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in line with other studies to find appropriate prevention or treatment methods for this virus infection, proposing the use of natural derived ingredients as an approach for COVID-19 disease control was our study objective. Here we reviewed previous studies on natural derived nasal sprays and found that some known natural derived ingredients have antiviral properties, so their topical use as a nasal spray is effective in reducing the symptoms of respiratory infections, and it also has potential of decreasing viral load including titer of coronaviruses, in the nasal cavity. It seems that use of carrageenan or other herbal ingredients nasal spray may block the SARS-CoV-2 virus entering to the lung cells of a contaminated person and also can prevent virus transmission to other susceptible persons. Further, noticing what we know about novel 2019 coronavirus so far, we suggested carrageenan that has an unspecific physical antiviral activity and some other natural derived ingredients as a choice in coping with SARS-CoV-2 virus infection.

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Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine Nasal and Oral Antiseptic Preparations Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/0145561320957237 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 014556132095723 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jesse S. Pelletier ◽

Belachew Tessema ◽

Samantha Frank ◽

Jonna B. Westover ◽

Seth M. Brown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Povidone Iodine ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Oral Rinse ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Transmission Reduction ◽

Oral Decontamination ◽

Respiratory Droplets ◽

Virucidal Efficacy ◽

Antiseptic Solutions

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). From the first reported cases in December 2019, the virus has spread to over 4 million people worldwide. Human-to-human transmission occurs mainly through the aerosolization of respiratory droplets. Transmission also occurs through contact with contaminated surfaces and other fomites. Improved antisepsis of human and nonhuman surfaces has been identified as a key feature of transmission reduction. There are no previous studies of povidone iodine (PVP-I) against SARS-CoV-2. This study evaluated nasal and oral antiseptic formulations of PVP-I for virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2. This is the first report on the efficacy of PVP-I against the virus that causes COVID-19. Methods: Povidone iodine nasal antiseptic formulations and PVP-I oral rinse antiseptic formulations from 1% to 5% concentrations as well as controls were studied for virucidal efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2. Test compounds were evaluated for ability to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as measured in a virucidal assay. SARS-CoV-2 was exposed directly to the test compound for 60 seconds, compounds were then neutralized, and surviving virus was quantified. Results: All concentrations of nasal antiseptics and oral rinse antiseptics evaluated completely inactivated the SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: Nasal and oral PVP-I antiseptic solutions are effective at inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 at a variety of concentrations after 60-second exposure times. The formulations tested may help to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 if used for nasal decontamination, oral decontamination, or surface decontamination in known or suspected cases of COVID-19.

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The SARS-CoV-2-Inactivating Activity of Hydroxytyrosol-Rich Aqueous Olive Pulp Extract (HIDROX®) and Its Use as a Virucidal Cream for Topical Application

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13020232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Yohei Takeda ◽

Dulamjav Jamsransuren ◽

Sachiko Matsuda ◽

Roberto Crea ◽

Haruko Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Viral Genome ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Control Measures ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Olive Pulp ◽

Hand Cream

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally. Although measures to control SARS-CoV-2, namely, vaccination, medication, and chemical disinfectants are being investigated, there is an increase in the demand for auxiliary antiviral approaches using natural compounds. Here we have focused on hydroxytyrosol (HT)-rich aqueous olive pulp extract (HIDROX®) and evaluated its SARS-CoV-2-inactivating activity in vitro. We showed that the HIDROX solution exhibits time- and concentration-dependent SARS-CoV-2-inactivating activities, and that HIDROX has more potent virucidal activity than pure HT. The evaluation of the mechanism of action suggested that both HIDROX and HT induced structural changes in SARS-CoV-2, which changed the molecular weight of the spike proteins. Even though the spike protein is highly glycosylated, this change was induced regardless of the glycosylation status. In addition, HIDROX or HT treatment disrupted the viral genome. Moreover, the HIDROX-containing cream applied on film showed time- and concentration-dependent SARS-CoV-2-inactivating activities. Thus, the HIDROX-containing cream can be applied topically as an antiviral hand cream. Our findings suggest that HIDROX contributes to improving SARS-CoV-2 control measures.

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Efficacy of “Essential Iodine Drops” against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254341

Author(s):

Zoltán Köntös

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Cytopathic Effect ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Virus Stock ◽

Infectious Dose ◽

Strain Virus ◽

Respiratory Droplets ◽

Elemental Iodine

Background Aerosolization of respiratory droplets is considered the main route of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reducing the viral load of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shed via respiratory droplets is potentially an ideal strategy to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The in vitro virucidal activity of intranasal Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) has been demonstrated recently to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral titres. This study evaluated the virucidal activity of the aqueous solution of Iodine-V (a clathrate complex formed by elemental iodine and fulvic acid) as in Essential Iodine Drops (EID) with 200 μg elemental iodine/ml content against SARS-CoV-2 to ascertain whether it is a better alternative to PVP-I. Methods SARS-CoV-2 (USAWA1/2020 strain) virus stock was prepared by infecting Vero 76 cells (ATCC CRL-1587) until cytopathic effect (CPE). The virucidal activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 was tested in three dilutions (1:1; 2:1 and 3:1) in triplicates by incubating at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) for either 60 or 90 seconds. The surviving viruses from each sample were quantified by a standard end-point dilution assay. Results EID (200 μg iodine/ml) after exposure for 60 and 90 seconds was compared to controls. In both cases, the viral titre was reduced by 99% (LRV 2.0). The 1:1 dilution of EID with virus reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus from 31,623 cell culture infectious dose 50% (CCID50) to 316 CCID50 within 90 seconds. Conclusion Substantial reductions in LRV by Iodine-V in EID confirmed the activity of EID against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, demonstrating that Iodine-V in EID is effective at inactivating the virus in vitro and therefore suggesting its potential application intranasally to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission from known or suspected COVID-19 patients.

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